Raspberry ordinary belongs to the family. medicinal plants

Pharmacotherapeutic group. Diaphoretic.

plant description

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Rice. 11.10. Common raspberry - Rubus idaeus L.

Raspberries– fructus rubiidaei
- rubus idaeus l.
Sem. Rosaceae- rosaceae.

Root spiny subshrub with biennial above-ground shoots 0.5-1.8 m high.
shoots the first year are barren, with spines bent down, green with a bluish bloom, the second year - fruiting, woody, yellowish, with spines only on the lateral green branches.
Leaves alternate, unpaired-pinnate with 3-5 (7) ovate, serrate leaflets along the edge, white-tomentose below from pubescence.
flowers in axillary few-flowered racemes collected in a paniculate inflorescence. Sepals recurved, gray-green, white corolla, numerous stamens and pistils, located on a convex receptacle.
Fetus- crimson-red spherical-conical polydrupe up to 2 cm in diameter, consists of numerous (30-60) drupes, easily separated after maturation from the conical white fruit (Fig. 11.10).
blooms in June - July, the fruits ripen in July - August.

Composition of raspberries

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The chemical composition of raspberries

sugar up to 7.5%,
organic acids (malic, citric, salicylic, tartaric, sorbic) up to 2%,
pectin substances 0.45-0.73%,
ascorbic acid up to 0.45 mg%,
vitamins B 2, P, E,
carotenoids,
anthocyanins,
flavonoids,
catechins,
triterpene acids,
benzaldehyde,
tannins and nitrogenous substances,
sterols,
mineral salts;

up to 15% fatty oil;
concentrate manganese.

Properties and uses of raspberries

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Pharmacological properties of raspberries

Raspberries have

diaphoretic action.

Due to the presence of weak organic acids, fruits contribute to

excretion of uric acid salts from the body,
stimulate urination,
improve digestion.

Salicylic acid found in fruits, renders

antiseptic,
antipyretic,
diaphoretic and
anti-inflammatory action.

Raspberry leaves are being actively studied, their hemostatic properties have been established.

Raspberry leaf extract

hormone-like effect on experimental animals.

The use of raspberries

Raspberries are used in the form of infusion

diaphoretic and
febrifuge

for colds alone and as part of sweatshops.

Raspberry juice has

diuretic and
expectorant action.

Fresh fruit syrup used to improve the taste of medicines.

vitamin and
dietary product

anemia,
atherosclerosis,
hypertension,
eczema,
to improve appetite and digestion.

Raspberry leaf infusion used in folk medicine as

astringent,
anti-inflammatory and
expectorant

in diseases

upper respiratory tract,
cough,
fever
diarrhea
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
and also as a hemostatic agent.

Spreading

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Spreading. It has a broken area, the main part of which is located in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia and Western Siberia.

Habitat. In the forest zone, prefers rich moist soils. Grows along forest edges, in clearings, burnt areas, forest clearings, along river banks, ravines, in clarified forests. It is widely cultivated as a food and medicinal plant.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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blank. The fruits are harvested only in dry weather, fully mature, without stalks and conical white fruit. They are put in small shallow baskets or enameled buckets, shifting with leaves or twigs, and, if possible, are delivered to the place of drying as soon as possible. The collected fruits are cleaned of leaves, twigs, as well as unripe, overripe, wrinkled and spoiled fruits.

Security measures. Raspberries are actively propagated by rhizomes, as well as by seed. The plant bears abundant fruit in 3-4 years. When collecting raw materials, do not trample and break shrubs, especially annual shoots. It is advisable to actively introduce the plant into culture, including in natural conditions.

Drying. Dry the raw material, after preliminary drying, in dryers with a gradual increase in temperature (30-50-60 ºС), spreading it in a thin layer on cloth or paper and carefully turning it over. Dry fruits are elastic to the touch.

Standardization. GOST 3525-75.

Storage. Stored in a dry, well-ventilated area, protected from pests, loosely packed in bags. Shelf life 2 years.

External signs of raw materials

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Fruit- polydrupes, consisting of 30-60 fruitlets-drupes, round-cone-shaped, about 1 cm in diameter.
Color grayish pink outside.
pulp pink, dark yellow pits.
Smell pleasant, characteristic. Taste sour-sweet.

Common raspberry is a prickly shrub, characterized by branching. It has a perennial rhizome and is characterized by erect shoots that can reach two meters in height.

In the first year, the shoots are fluffy and only their lower part is covered with small and thin brown thorns. In the second year, they become strong and begin to bear fruit, after which they dry up, and new shoots grow from the rhizome and the two-year life cycle begins anew.

The plant itself not only brings delicious fruits, but also has an attractive appearance, so the photo of common raspberry is popular. On the relatively long petioles of the shrub, there are pinnate, compound and alternate leaves, having an average of five to seven leaflets, the upper of which are trifoliate and have stipules. The white flowers of the common raspberry are small and have five petals.

The red, ruby fruits of the culture are a combined drupe; in crops bred by breeders, the berry may be yellow. The seeds are round and very small, but hard.

The culture blooms in June-July, and the fruits begin to ripen around July-August. Common raspberry bears fruit over the years is unstable. The yield is affected by the weather: cold and rainy weather prevents the necessary pollination by insects. Reproduction of common raspberries occurs vegetatively or by seeds.

The main varieties of common raspberry

There are four main groups of common raspberry varieties according to the ripening period:

early;
medium;
late;

Among the varieties of common raspberry early ripening can be identified:

Scarlet sail. The variety is winter-hardy and hardy to various diseases. Productivity reaches 1.7 kg of fruits from one bush.
Runaway. Among amateur gardeners, this variety is popular, its yield can reach 2 kg of berries per bush.
Abundant. A large bush of culture brings dense bright red berries.
Early sweet. The variety is characterized by medium yield and high winter hardiness.
Early surprise. A medium-sized bush can bring up to 1.5 kg of berries.
Sun. Raspberry berries are large, the bush is moderately resistant to diseases and frost.
Meteor. A powerful bush of culture is hardy to major diseases.
Cumberland. The variety is distinguished by fruits of black and purple color.

Some varieties of common raspberries of medium ripening:

Balm. A medium-sized bush brings good yields and is hardy to major diseases and.
Arabesque. Undemanding variety.
Crane. A small bush can bring about 2 kg of ruby \u200b\u200bfruits per year.
Kirzhach. The variety is in demand among amateur gardeners due to its high yield.
Reward. A medium-sized plant produces up to 2 kg of red berries annually.
Modest. The common raspberry variety is characterized by a stable and high yield.
Tarusa. The bush does not require support and brings large, dense and transportable berries.

Late maturing varieties:

Latham. Variety from America.
Brigantine. The bush of the plant is sensitive to the mite, but has a high yield.

Remontant varieties of ordinary raspberries:

Indian summer. The first berries of the plant ripen before the onset of frost.
Yellow giant. A large-fruited and low-maintenance variety.

Growing and caring for common raspberries

Experts advise planting a plant in spring or autumn. If the bush is planted in the autumn, then for the winter it should be spudded, and with the onset of spring it should be unscrambled.

A plant in one place can grow up to 20 years, but the age of up to 12 years is considered a productive period. The yield depends on the characteristics of the variety and the degree of care for common raspberries.

The plant does not tolerate drought, but stagnant water should not be allowed. Bushes develop well and bear fruit on loose soils.

Culture needs support, so experts advise using trellises. When fastening, the branches of the plant are evenly distributed in different directions and tied to a support.

Stems should be removed in autumn or after harvest. In the spring, the frozen top is cut off to a healthy part. ordinary occurs in the spring, while the shoot of the plant is shortened to the first developed bud.

It perfectly stimulates the formation of new fruit branches by trimming the top by about 10-14 cm. Shoots that appear in the second half of summer and are of no value are recommended to be destroyed.

Caring for common raspberries also consists of thinning, which should be carried out in early spring. Per meter of area where the culture grows, it is necessary to leave about 10-15 healthy and strong bushes. To stimulate the growth of a young shoot in mid-August, it is recommended to pinch the top.

Culture should be processed and. Common raspberry care also includes shallow loosening of the soil near the bushes and weeding.

Reproduction of common raspberry:

Root offspring. From the second half of the summer, it is necessary to drip offspring from raspberries and separate them from the main rhizome with a clod of earth. Then they should be transplanted to a permanent place. The process is preferably carried out in cloudy weather. The hole where the offspring will be planted is recommended to be filled with a liter of water.
Root cuttings. They must be harvested when digging root offspring or removing them. are sorted, then collected in bundles and placed in small boxes, where sand also serves as a layer. Then they are placed in a cool room, where they are stored until spring. Common raspberry, which reproduces in this way, is planted in early spring. First, the soil is loosened and leveled. At a distance of about 70 cm from each other, small grooves are made into which the cuttings are placed. The earth is then well watered and covered with a protective film.
Seeds. The method is suitable only for breeders.

Useful properties of common raspberry

Fresh fruits of the culture have not only a pleasant aroma and excellent taste, but also have a number of useful properties:

antipyretic;
anti-inflammatory;
diaphoretic;
painkiller.

The berries of the culture contain many useful trace elements, including copper and molybdenum. Fruits perfectly quench thirst, improve digestion and accelerate the removal of harmful substances. Useful properties of common raspberries are actively used in the prevention and treatment of anemia, atherosclerosis, diabetes and hypertension.

Raspberry breeding video

Common raspberry (Rubus idaeus).

Description. Deciduous thorny subshrub of the Rosaceae family. It has a perennial tortuous rhizome with adventitious roots forming an extensive root system.
The rhizome sprouts upright shoots, which in the first year of life are herbaceous, green in color and covered with soft thorns in the lower part. In the second year of life, the shoots become woody, become brownish in color, bear fruit.
After fruiting, they die off, and the rhizome sprouts new shoots. The length of the shoots reaches 1.5 - 2 m. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, oval with 3 - 7 leaves on the petioles. The leaves are dark green above, whitish below, pubescent.
The flowers are small, white, up to 10 mm in diameter with a greenish calyx. Collected in small racemose inflorescences, located in the axils of the leaves and at the top of the stem.
The corolla has 5 petals, which are shorter than the calyx. The fruit is a densely fused drupe, which, when ripe, becomes juicy, tender, red in color.
Of the cultivated varieties of raspberries, there are those that have a yellow color of the fruit. In wild raspberries, the drupes are not tightly fused, so they break apart easily. Blooms in late May - June. Fruit ripening in July. Propagated by dividing the bush, cuttings, seeds.
In the wild, distributed in the European part of the CIS. It grows in forest clearings, clearings, clearings, along ravines. Prefers moist soil rich in humus. The weather affects the yield of cultivated raspberry varieties. Cold rainy or hot dry weather adversely affects yields. In hot, dry weather, raspberries need to be watered.

Collection and preparation of raw materials. Collection and preparation of raw materials. Raspberry fruits and leaves are harvested for medicinal purposes. The fruits must be harvested in dry weather, after the dew has dried.
The collected fruits are cleaned from the receptacle, leaves, separating spoiled and overripe. Dried in the sun, spread out in a thin layer on paper. Further dried in dryers or ovens at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. If, when kneaded in the hand, the fruits do not stain the skin, such fruits are considered to be sufficiently dried. Shelf life - 2 years.
Leaves and flowers are harvested during the flowering period, dried outdoors in the shade or in a well-ventilated area. Their shelf life is 1 year.

Plant composition. Raspberry fruits contain up to 6% sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose), pectin, dyes, nitrogenous substances, carotene, organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, salicylic), mucus, flavonoids, tannins, vitamins C, E, PP , some B vitamins, micro and macro elements.
Leaves and flowers contain organic acids, tannins, vitamin C. Seeds contain up to 15% fatty oil, phytosterols.

Useful properties of raspberries.
Fresh raspberries are not only attractive in appearance, have a pleasant aroma and taste, but also have certain beneficial properties.
Raspberries have diaphoretic, antipyretic, antiemetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitoxic properties. They also improve digestion, quench thirst, accelerate the withdrawal of alcohol from the body.
Fresh raspberries are a dietary product for diabetes, anemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, to improve digestion and increase appetite.
Many people know that with colds and flu it is useful to drink tea from dried raspberries or with raspberry jam. Such tea will not only help reduce the temperature, but also helps to remove toxins from the body, which are formed as a result of the fight against viruses and bacteria. Cleansing the body of toxins improves well-being and speeds up recovery.
The fruits of raspberries contain various trace elements, especially it is rich in copper and molybdenum. Copper is involved in many important processes of the body - in hematopoiesis, building proteins, growth of cells and tissues, gives elasticity and strength to blood vessels, as well as strength to bones, as it is a component of the protein framework of bones. Copper also enhances the synthesis of collagen, which makes the skin beautiful and supple.
Molybdenum is responsible for metabolism, regulation of growth processes, maintains dental tissue in proper condition, participates in the production of hemoglobin and in the synthesis of amino acids, normalizes sexual function, and affects the qualitative composition of the intestinal microflora.
Fresh raspberry fruits are used for the prevention of hypo- and beriberi, anemia.

Medicinal properties of raspberry.
Raspberry is both a food and medicinal plant. The benefits of dried raspberry tea or raspberry jam tea for colds and flu have been mentioned above. Raspberries will be useful for anemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, eczema, to improve digestion. Raspberries are indicated for those who have had a stroke or heart attack and for those who have high blood pressure, as it has a therapeutic and prophylactic effect on the walls of blood vessels and capillaries. Fresh berries can be eaten as much as you like (if there are no contraindications). The pressure drop can be long and sustained.
Dried raspberries are part of diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, vitamin collections.
In folk medicine, not only raspberry fruits are used for medicinal purposes, but also leaves, flowers, stems, and roots.

Leaf and flowers of raspberry useful, medicinal properties.
Raspberry leaves have astringent, anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, hemostatic, blood-purifying properties; flowers - antitoxic, anti-inflammatory properties.
An infusion or decoction of the leaves is used for coughs, diarrhea, enterocolitis, gastritis, enteritis, colitis, hemorrhoids, gastric bleeding, heavy periods, dermatitis, acne, erysipelas, skin rashes, menorrhagia.
Outwardly, an infusion of leaves is used as a rinse for diseases of the mouth and throat (stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis); lotions - for skin diseases and hemorrhoids; douching - for the treatment of gynecological diseases.
Infusion and decoction of flowers inside - for respiratory infections, gastralgia, hemorrhoids. As an external remedy - for erysipelas, acne, eye diseases.
For the treatment of insect bites and dermatitis, an infusion of olive oil is used.

Dosage forms and doses.
Infusion of dried fruits. 4 tbsp. spoons of raw materials pour 400 ml of boiling water. Infuse for 15 minutes, strain, take 1-2 cups hot as a diaphoretic for colds, to improve digestion, for headaches and stomach pains, loss of strength, anemia.

Infusion of leaves. 2 tbsp. spoons of dry crushed leaves pour 500 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes, strain, take 1/2 cup 3 times a day. In the treatment of hemorrhoids and skin diseases, oral infusion is combined with external use.

Infusion of raspberry flowers. 3 art. spoons of dried crushed flowers pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes and then strain. Take 3 times a day, 1 tbsp. spoon.

Raspberry juice take 1/4 - 1/2 cup before meals. Juice can be diluted in half with water. They take juice for diabetes, atherosclerosis, colds, feverish conditions, prostatic hyperplasia, neurasthenia, infertility, sexual impotence.

Infusion of leaves or flowers for external use. 2 tablespoons of dry crushed raw materials are poured with a glass of boiling water, insisted for 30 minutes, filtered. Applied externally in the form of rinses, washings, lotions.

An infusion used to treat female inflammatory diseases and thrush. To prepare the infusion, they take equally, 2 tablespoons of dry crushed raspberry leaves and medicinal sage, pour boiling water, leave for 20 minutes, filter. After cooling, they are used in the form of vaginal douching, the regularity of which depends on the degree of the disease (from 1 time in 2 days to 2 times a day daily). When treating thrush, you can add natural apple cider vinegar to the infusion - 2 tablespoons per 1 liter. infusion.

Ointment from fresh leaves. Pure raspberry leaves are rubbed, juice is squeezed out, mixed with petroleum jelly or butter in a ratio of 1:4. Applied externally for skin diseases.

Contraindications. Raspberries are contraindicated in patients with nephritis and gout. In some people, raspberry preparations can cause an allergic reaction in the form of skin rashes.

Flowering time: June July. Common raspberries ripen in July - August.

Spreading: in the wild, raspberries are found in the European part of the country, in the Caucasus, in Siberia and Central Asia. Common raspberry is widely cultivated as a berry plant. The homeland of the plant is central Europe.

Place of growth: raspberries grow in shady forests, among shrubs, along forest edges, clearings, river banks, and in ravines. Common raspberry is cultivated in gardens.

Applicable Part: fruits, leaves, flowers and roots.

Collection time: raspberry leaves and flowers are harvested in June - July, fruits in July - August, roots - in autumn.

Chemical composition: common raspberry fruits contain organic acids - salicylic, malic, citric, formic, caproic, sugars (glucose - up to 4.3%, fructose - up to 8%, sucrose - up to 6.5%), tannins (up to 0.3% ), pectin, nitrogenous and coloring substances, potassium, copper salts, cyanine chloride, acetoin, benzaldehyde, vitamin C (up to 45 mg%), carotene (up to 0.3 mg%), B vitamins and essential oil. Common raspberry seeds contain fatty oil (up to 14.6%) and phytosterol (about 0.4%).

Collection and preparation: for medicinal purposes, raspberry fruits and leaves are harvested. The fruits must be harvested in dry weather, after the dew has dried.

The collected fruits are cleaned from the receptacle, leaves, separating spoiled and overripe. Dried in the sun, spread out in a thin layer on paper. Further dried in dryers or ovens at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. If, when kneaded in the hand, the fruits do not stain the skin, such fruits are considered to be sufficiently dried. Shelf life - 2 years. Leaves and flowers are harvested in June, dried outdoors in the shade or in a well-ventilated area. Their shelf life is 1 year.

Contraindications: urolithiasis (nephritis), gout and individual intolerance to raspberries.

Application:

Raspberry has been used as a medicine since ancient times. Dried raspberries brewed like tea have long been considered a good diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds. Raspberries improve appetite, regulate the activity of the stomach and intestines, soothe pain in the gastrointestinal tract and are used when intoxicated (“against hops”). The fruits also have antiemetic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

In folk medicine in many countries, an infusion of raspberries is taken as a diaphoretic and antipyretic for colds, fever and headaches. An infusion of raspberry fruits is used as an antiscorbutic and as a means of stimulating appetite and regulating the activity of the stomach and intestines.

A decoction of raspberry roots is drunk for malaria and as a hemostatic for hemorrhoids.

Raspberry leaves have astringent (fixing), anti-inflammatory, antitoxic, hemostatic and "blood-purifying" action.

An infusion or decoction of raspberry leaves is taken for diarrhea, stomach bleeding, cough, respiratory diseases and fever. An infusion of the leaves is also drunk for rashes, acne, lichen and other skin diseases and gargle with sore throats.

Raspberry flowers have anti-inflammatory and anti-toxic properties.

A decoction of raspberry flowers is used for washing the face with acne, for lotions on the eyes for inflammation and for the treatment of erysipelas. In the past, an infusion of raspberry flowers was drunk as an antidote for the bites of poisonous snakes and scorpions. An infusion of flowers and an infusion of raspberry leaves are also taken internally for women's diseases and hemorrhoids.

A decoction of raspberry leaves with potash stains hair black.

Mode of application:

4 teaspoons of leaves or fruits of common raspberry brew with 2 cups of boiling water, leave for several hours in a closed vessel, strain. Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day. Drink the infusion warm.

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