Temperature and microclimate in the office and industrial premises in accordance with sanitary standards and rules. Sanitary requirements for auxiliary and household premises of industrial enterprises Hygienic requirements for industrial premises

Industrial buildings and premises must meet the requirements of SNiP and SN. At the design and construction stages, it is necessary to take into account sanitary class premises, norms of usable area for workers and for equipment, as well as observe the required width of aisles for safe and convenient maintenance of equipment.

Rooms in which a large excess amount of moisture or sensible heat is emitted [more than 83.8 kJ / (m3 · h)] should be located at the outer wall of the building on the leeward side. Premises in which the production process is associated with the emission of dust, vapors, gases or is accompanied by noise, vibration, must be isolated from other premises. Gates and technological openings in the outer walls of buildings, as a rule, are designed with thermal air curtains, and entrances to heated buildings - with double vestibules with a depth of opening of each compartment of at least 1.2 m.

The volume of the production premises per worker must be at least 15m3, and the area must be at least 4.5m2.

It is forbidden to set up production facilities in the basement floors. Placing equipment in basements is allowed only in cases where it is necessary due to the peculiarities of technological processes. To exclude the intersection of technological streams, it is most advisable to arrange the premises, taking into account the sequence of production operations.

The height of the premises is chosen depending on the nature of the technological process so as to ensure the removal of excess amounts of heat, moisture and gases, but not less than 3 m. ... 6 m.The width of pedestrian galleries is taken within 0.3 ... 1.5 m, passages between the shelves - at least 1 m.

The walls and ceilings of buildings must be sufficiently heat-resistant so that moisture does not condense on their internal surfaces. The surfaces of building envelopes should be made of even materials that are resistant to a chemically aggressive environment and can be easily processed during wet cleaning and disinfection. The floors must be flat, smooth, but non-slip, have low thermal conductivity, do not emit dust and rise above the level of the adjacent territory by at least 0.15 m. The permissible threshold height is less than 0.1 m.

In the skylights, transoms or vents with devices for opening from the floor of the room and fixing in the required position are provided. When filling window openings with glass blocks in buildings, devices for natural ventilation are used. In buildings with overhead light, in the presence of large glazing areas, special mechanisms are installed to open windows and transoms.

Gates, doors and windows should open easily to the full width of the opening. Doors and gates are equipped with devices to keep them open.

What buildings and premises are auxiliary?

What documents determine the requirements for the composition and maintenance of sanitary facilities at industrial enterprises

What liability is faced by the employer for violation of sanitary requirements for the maintenance of auxiliary premises?

Each industrial enterprise has auxiliary and utility rooms designed to meet the social and domestic needs of employees during work. Consider what sanitary requirements installed for these premises.

The equipment of sanitary facilities is the employer's responsibility!

According to Part 1 of Art. 24 Federal law dated 03.30.1999 No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population" (as amended on 03.07.2016) during the operation of industrial, public premises, buildings, structures, equipment and transport, sanitary and anti-epidemic (preventive) measures must be taken and safe for humans working, living and resting conditions in accordance with sanitary regulations and other regulatory legal acts Russian Federation.

One of the directions public policy in the field of labor protection is the establishment of the procedure for providing employees with means of individual and collective protection, as well as sanitary facilities and devices, therapeutic and prophylactic means at the expense of employers (Article 210 Labor Code RF; hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

In accordance with the requirements of labor protection, sanitary and household services and medical support employees are assigned to the employer (Articles 212, 223 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation). For this purpose, the employer established standards equipped with sanitary facilities, rooms for eating, rooms for providing medical care, lounges in work time and psychological relief; first aid posts are organized, equipped with first aid kits; apparatuses (devices) are installed to provide workers of hot workshops and sections with carbonated salt water, etc.

The composition of auxiliary and utility rooms is determined already at the stage of construction of an industrial enterprise.

Construction and reconstruction of auxiliary and utility rooms, taking into account sanitary standards

According to clause 7.13 GOST R 56639-2015 "Technological design industrial enterprises. General requirements", Approved and put into effect by the Order of Rosstandart dated 13.10.2015 No. 1559-st, the need for auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises is determined based on the results of the development of design solutions and in the terms of reference.

Auxiliary buildings and premises of industrial enterprises include:

• general plant buildings and premises;
• administrative premises;
• sanitary facilities;
• canteens for catering for staff;
• premises for health care etc.

Hygienic requirements for the design of newly built and reconstructed industrial enterprises (SP 2.2.1.1312-03) were introduced by the Decree of the Chief State sanitary doctor RF of 30.04.2003 No. 88 (as amended on 17.05.2010; hereinafter - SP 2.2.1.1312-03). They define the mandatory hygiene requirements to design, construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment production facilities and apply to all types of such objects, regardless of departmental affiliation and forms of ownership. Are intended for organizations, specialists whose activities are related to the design, construction and operation of production facilities, as well as the implementation of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision (clause 1.5 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Requirements for administrative and domestic buildings and premises are regulated by section V of the document.

In particular, it was established that the construction and reconstruction of the named buildings and premises is carried out in accordance with the current building codes and rules, regulatory and technical documentation and the provisions of these sanitary rules (clause 5.1 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

SP 2.2.1.1312-03 established the requirements:

• to the premises for storing overalls.

Overalls contaminated with substances of the 1st and 2nd class of hazard, pathogenic microorganisms, after appropriate processing, are stored in dressing rooms.

Clean overalls are handed out in the distribution room, and dirty overalls are accepted and temporarily stored in an isolated room located next to the overalls dressing room (clause 5.2 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

If at technological processes dust and harmful substances are emitted, respirators are provided in dressing rooms with an installation for cleaning filters from dust and monitoring their resistance, tables for receiving, issuing and repairing respirators, devices for washing, disinfecting and drying half masks, cabinets and nests for storing respirators and self-rescuers (p . 5.15 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

At the enterprises of the group 1c, 2c, 2d, 3b, separate premises are provided for dedusting, decontamination, drying, washing, dry cleaning of overalls. They are equipped with an autonomous ventilation system (clause 5.16 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Overalls containing less than 0.5 kg of moisture are dried in closed wardrobes equipped with mechanical exhaust ventilation, and more than 0.5 kg of moisture in one set - in a special room located adjacent to the dressing room (clause 5.17 SP 2.2.1.1312 -03).

Devices for drying should ensure drying of clothes for no more than the duration of the work shift (clause 5.18 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Dedusting of workwear is carried out depending on the degree of its contamination (every shift, periodically, occasionally). For this, devices are used that provide a dedusting efficiency of at least 90% in 30-40 seconds (clause 5.19 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Overalls should be washed in centralized laundries serving groups of industrial enterprises in which there are dry cleaning departments (clause 5.20 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Note!

In the production processes of groups 3b and 4, laundries and facilities for the disposal of special clothing must be decentralized.

Also, in household buildings, premises for the repair of overalls and shoes may be provided (clause 5.22 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

• to places of hygiene.

Workers should wash themselves in specially designated areas of the dressing room or rooms adjacent to the dressing rooms (clause 5.4 SP 2.2.1.1312-03). If the production processes are associated with the contamination of clothing, as well as the use of substances of 1-2 hazard classes, showers are arranged together with dressing rooms like a sanitary inspection (clause 5.5). The tambours of the bathrooms are equipped with washbasins with electric towels (clause 5.7).

The floors, walls and equipment of dressing rooms, washrooms, showers, restrooms, booths for personal hygiene of women, hand and foot baths are covered with moisture-resistant materials with smooth surfaces that can be easily washed with hot water using detergents, disinfectants (clause 5.6 SP 2.2.1.1312-03 ).

• to smoking areas.

To avoid contact of non-smokers with tobacco smoke, smoking areas are isolated from all sanitary facilities (clause 5.8 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

For your information

In accordance with clause 14 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 25.04.2012 No. 390 "On the fire regime" (as amended on 21.03.2017), the head of the organization ensures that the requirements provided for by Art. 12 of the Federal Law of 23.02.2013 No. 15-FZ "On protecting the health of citizens from the effects of second hand tobacco smoke and the consequences of tobacco consumption" (as amended on 28.12.2016).

• to premises for heating or cooling workers.

If production processes are accompanied by the generation of heat or cold, which worsen the microclimatic conditions at workplaces, premises for short-term rest of workers and the normalization of their thermal state should be designed (clause 5.9 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

In rooms for heating, the air temperature and speed of its movement are recommended to be maintained at the level of 22-25? С and<= 0,2 м/с. Дополнительно следует предусмотреть приборы местного обогрева (п. 5.10 СП 2.2.1.1312-03).

Depending on the intensity of thermal radiation and on working conditions at workplaces or in rest rooms, devices for cooling are provided (half-shells, cabins or radiation cooling surfaces; clause 5.11 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

• to drinking water supply.

It is carried out through saturator installations or drinking fountains with a water temperature from 12 to 20 ° C (paragraphs 5.12, 5.13 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

If special drinks are used (green tea, protein-vitamin drinks, herbal infusions, oxygen cocktails, etc.), special points are equipped for their preparation and distribution (clause 5.14 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

• to the premises of medical and prophylactic purposes.

Depending on the groups of production processes as part of administrative buildings, there may be (clause 5.23 SP 2.2.1.1312-03):

• health center;
• rooms for women's personal hygiene;
• inhaler, photoarium, hand and foot baths;
• psychological relief room.

Women's personal hygiene rooms are located at health centers, at workshops with a large number of working women and consist of a vestibule and individual cabins with partitions at least two meters high (clauses 5.25, 5.26 SP 2.2.1.1312-03). Individual cabins have hangers with wall hooks for clothes, a bidet with a supply and a hot and cold water mixer, a toilet, and a tank with a lid for used hygiene bags.

Inhalation is provided for in enterprises where production processes are associated with the release of dust or gaseous substances, photoarius- at industrial enterprises located above the Arctic Circle, carrying out underground mining, as well as during work performed in rooms without natural lighting (clauses 5.27, 5.28 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Premises with equipment for hydromassage of feet are needed in enterprises where labor is associated with a long stay of workers in a "standing" position or with technological equipment that generates vibration transmitted to the legs (clause 5.29 of SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

Cabins for carrying out a complex of physiotherapeutic procedures for the prevention of vibration disease are designed in industries with technological processes and operations that generate vibration (clause 5.30 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

The room for psychological relief is equipped at enterprises with pronounced strenuous work (physical and psycho-emotional). The sound level in it should not exceed 65 dBA, and the air temperature should be within 18-22? С (clause 5.31 SP 2.2.1.1312-03).

The design of administrative and residential buildings (hereinafter referred to as buildings) up to 55 m high is also regulated by SP 44.13330.2011 “Code of rules. Administrative and household buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 2.09.04-87 ", approved by Order of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia dated December 27, 2010 No. 782 (hereinafter - SP 44.13330.2011).

For your information

The norms of SP 44.13330.2011 relate to new, expandable, reconstructed and technically re-equipped industrial enterprises of industry of various forms of ownership and do not apply to the design of inventory (mobile) buildings, with the exception of certain requirements specified in this document, as well as public buildings and structures.

Administrative buildings can house management rooms, design bureaus, innovative conference systems, information technology services, occupational safety and training rooms. The requirements for such premises are established in section 6 of SP 44.13330.2011.

In the residential buildings of enterprises, premises for social services for workers are located: sanitary and household, health care, public catering, trade, service of everyday life, culture and others. The norms for them are regulated by section 5 of SP 44.13330.2011.

Sanitary maintenance of household premises

Instructions on the sanitary maintenance of premises and equipment of industrial enterprises, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health on December 31, 1966 No. 658-66 (hereinafter referred to as the Instruction), is included in the list of the main existing normative and methodological documents on occupational health as of 04/01/2007, brought up by the Letter of Rospotrebnadzor dated 05.16. .2007 No. 0100 / 4961-07-32. At the same time, the letter informs that the documents indicated in the list are valid until the cancellation or adoption of new regulatory legal acts to replace the existing ones.

According to clause 63 of this Instruction, all production and household premises, as well as workplaces and equipment must be kept clean and tidy and repaired in a timely manner.

Note!

Taking into account the production conditions, an individual cleaning procedure should be established for all production and household premises.

If utility rooms are located in detached buildings, they must be connected to industrial buildings by heated walkways (clause 92 of the Instruction).

The working premises of plant administrations, offices, design bureaus, rooms for feeding babies, food points and health centers should be with natural lighting, and in the rest of the auxiliary rooms, second light or artificial lighting is allowed (clause 93 Individual cleaning procedure,).

Tools and equipment for cleaning auxiliary premises must be stored and cleaned in a room with an area of ​​at least 3 m2, equipped with sinks with cold and hot water (through mixers), as well as drying cleaning equipment (paragraph 94 of the Instructions).

External entrances to auxiliary buildings and premises must have devices for cleaning shoes from dirt (paragraph 95 of the Instruction). Administrative offices, workshop offices and design offices located inside industrial buildings should be isolated from production facilities or soundproofing should be provided up to permissible noise levels at workplaces (clause 96 of the Instructions).

Each enterprise must be equipped with sanitary facilities for workers (washrooms, showers, wardrobes or wardrobes, restrooms, etc.) (clause 97 of the Instructions). For violation of this provision, enterprises are punished (see, for example, the Resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 02.12.2014 No. 09AP-47626/2014 in case No. A40-103616 / 14).

It is prohibited to use household premises for other purposes (clause 99 of the Instructions).

All sanitary facilities should be cleaned daily and regularly ventilated; if ventilation is impossible, ventilation with mechanical induction is arranged (p. 100 of the Instruction). During inspections, attention is also drawn to this (see, for example, the Resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 10.02.2015 No. 09AP-58698/2014 in case No. A40-125138 / 14).

Dressing rooms, changing rooms, showers and other sanitary facilities and devices must be periodically disinfected (paragraph 101 of the Instructions).

Gutters, channels, ladders, urinals and toilets in showers and latrines should be regularly cleaned and rinsed, and the floors of latrines should be dry (paragraph 102 of the Instruction).

The floors in dressing rooms, toilets, washrooms, showers and women's personal hygiene rooms should be moisture resistant, non-slip, light colors, and the walls and partitions should be lined to a height of 1.8 m with moisture resistant, light colors materials that can be easily cleaned and washable with hot water (p. 103 of the Instructions).

In showers, hot water should be in sufficient quantity for all workers (paragraph 104 of the Instruction). To avoid queues, schedules are drawn up for the operation of showers by workers in individual shifts and workshops.

Washbasins are provided with soap and regularly changed towels or hand air dryers (paragraph 105 of the Instruction).

Food points (canteens, canteens, prepares, buffets) must comply with the sanitary requirements established for public catering establishments (clause 106 of the Instruction).

Special milk is dispensed to those working in food points or in specially allocated rooms equipped with seats, a refrigerator, a washbasin and a sink with hot water for washing dishes (clause 107 of the Instructions).

A responsibility

For violation of sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the operation of residential and public premises, buildings, structures and transport, Art. 6.4 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation provides for a fine:

• for officials and entrepreneurs - from one to two thousand rubles;
• for legal entities - from 10 to 20 thousand rubles.

As an alternative to a fine, entrepreneurs and legal entities face administrative suspension of their activities for up to ninety days.

Examples when enterprises were held liable, including for violation of the requirements for auxiliary and utility premises: Decision of the Moscow City Court of 18.07.2016 in case No. 7-6465 / 2016, Resolution of the Ninth Arbitration Court of Appeal dated 02.12.2014 No. 09AP-47626 / 2014 in case No. A40-103616 / 14, Resolution of the Perm Regional Court of 18.11.2014 in case No. 44a-828/2014).

The document is included in the lists of legal acts containing mandatory requirements, compliance with which is assessed when carrying out control measures as part of the implementation of types of state control (supervision) attributed to the competence of the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision, approved by Rostechnadzor Order No. 421.

By the Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus No. 85 dated July 8, 2016, the Sanitary Norms and Rules "Requirements for working conditions of workers and the maintenance of production facilities" were approved and some decrees of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus were declared invalid.

Industrial premises of enterprises must meet the following requirements:

At the entrance there should be rugs (the size of the width of the doorway, at least 1 m long) moistened with a disinfectant solution;

Workplaces, walkways and driveways should not be cluttered with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished food products;

All entrances (exits) must be equipped with vestibules;

Doors should be equipped with closers that ensure their tight closing;

Must be equipped with sinks for washing hands with cold and hot water supply with a stationary mixer, dispensers with liquid soap and hand sanitizer, disposable towels or electric towels. Sinks for hand washing should be located at the entrance to the production area, as well as in places convenient for use at a distance of no more than 15 m from each workplace. Faucets of sinks for washing hands must be equipped with specialized controls that exclude contact with the hands.

The finishing of the ceilings of the production premises of the enterprise and their condition should not pose a threat of contamination of raw materials and food products. Condensation on the ceiling and structures is not allowed.

The walls of the production, warehouse and auxiliary premises of the enterprise must have a finish that allows regular washing and disinfection of surfaces in the modes used for specific types of production.

The floors of the production premises of the enterprise must:

are made of moisture-resistant materials, structurally corresponding to the used production technology, easily washed and disinfected;

have a slope towards sewers. Potholes and uneven floors are not allowed.

When cleaning floors in industrial premises of an enterprise in the process of work, the possibility of contamination of technological equipment, inventory, processed raw materials and finished food products must be excluded.

Adjoining walls to floors in production areas of an enterprise should be rounded and easily cleaned and disinfected.

The structures of windows in the premises of enterprises should provide easy access for sanitizing both external and internal frames and glass. Skylights used as ventilation must be equipped with opening mechanisms.

Current repairs of production, storage and auxiliary premises of the enterprise should be carried out as needed. Whitewashing or painting of walls and ceilings of industrial, warehouse, utility and auxiliary premises, as a rule, should be carried out with their simultaneous disinfection.

Painting, repairing the production premises of the enterprise and equipment, corridors, recreations simultaneously with the production of products is prohibited.

All places in the production, warehouse and auxiliary premises of the enterprise with broken tiles and plaster are subject to urgent repair, followed by whitewashing or painting of the plastered areas.

In all production, storage and auxiliary premises of the enterprise, floors, walls, ceilings, windows, doors, equipment of all types must be regularly wet cleaned using detergents and disinfectants that meet the requirements of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus, and kept clean.

All internal shop doors in the production premises of the enterprise must be washed and wiped dry on a daily basis. The areas around the handles, the handles themselves and the lower parts of the doors should be carefully wiped.

Cleaning equipment for cleaning production, warehouse auxiliary premises of the enterprise must be marked. Cleaning equipment should be stored in separate or specially designated places.

After the end of cleaning at the end of the shift, all cleaning equipment should be washed with water with the addition of detergents, disinfected, dried and stored in a clean state.

In all production, storage and auxiliary premises of the enterprise, in which the standardized parameters of the microclimate are established, devices for monitoring the temperature and relative humidity must be installed.

The following preventive measures should be taken at enterprises:

To combat flies:

Thorough and timely cleaning of the premises;

Timely collection of food waste and garbage in containers with tight-fitting lids;

Timely removal of food waste and garbage;

Covering all opening windows and doorways for the spring-summer period;

To combat cockroaches: do not allow the accumulation of crumbs, food debris; if cockroaches are found, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the premises and disinfest with permitted means;

To protect raw materials and finished food products from rodents: closing windows in the basement floors with metal bars, hatches - with tight covers; covering ventilation openings and channels with metal grids with cells no more than 0.25 x 0.25 cm; filling holes, cracks in floors, around pipes and radiators with bricks, cement, metal shavings or sheet metal; upholstery of warehouse doors with sheet metal; in the event of the appearance of rodents, mechanical or permitted methods of their destruction are used. Carrying out work on the destruction of insects and rodents by chemical means is allowed only by the forces of exterminators and exterminators.

The use of bacteriological methods of rodent control in enterprises is prohibited.

When carrying out disinsection measures, the development of food products is not allowed.

The sanitary and hygienic requirements for buildings for the production of any product are essentially reduced to the creation of healthy working conditions in them, as well as the satisfaction of all hygienic needs. Let's list the main ones.

1) In production areas, protective measures should be taken against the ingress of rodents and insects. For example: tight doors, sealing all openings around various communications, metal nets on ventilation openings.

2) The floors of the production premises must be made of durable material and have a hard and non-slip surface.

3) Organizations that produce dietary supplements must have sufficient space for work in good hygienic conditions. The layout of the premises must completely exclude product contamination.

4) All cables and pipes must be carefully sewn up and recessed into the wall surfaces.

5) Interior walls must have a smooth surface that is shock- and water-resistant. They should be tiled with special glazed tiles or painted in a light color and easily washed. Ceilings should also be light colored and waterproof.

6) The layout of production facilities should ensure the flow of all technological processes performed, as well as completely exclude the possibility of the intersection of semi-finished products, waste, cargo flows of raw materials with the flow of finished products.

7) If mold appears in the production area, the place of its occurrence should be cleaned and painted with paints with approved fungicidal preparations.

8) Separate pantries and cupboards should be used to store disinfectants and detergents, as well as cleaning equipment.

9) If there is ventilation, it is allowed to place warehouses, cold rooms, utility rooms in the basements, in accordance with building codes.

10) Sinks with cold and hot water should be provided, equipped with soap, disposable towels, disinfectant solution.

11) Premises where biologically active additives based on a variety of probiotic microorganisms are produced must be sealed. The surfaces in the room must be suitable for disinfection and free from any cracks or other defects.

12) Trash cans, with pedals and lids, as well as special containers made of polymer material, for collecting sanitary waste, must be installed in it. All containers should be cleaned every day and disinfected and rinsed with detergents. Storage in premises for the production of equipment, inventory and waste that are not used in the working process is not allowed.

Healthy and productive work is possible only with good maintenance of the workplace, its correct organization. A comfortable working posture, lack of fuss, unnecessary movements, comfort in the room are important for labor productivity, for combating premature fatigue.

The working capacity of a person is significantly influenced by the microclimate of the working room.

The main hygienic requirements are the creation of an optimal microclimate in the working room and sufficient stability of the internal temperature. The temperature difference in the horizontal direction from the windows to the opposite walls should not exceed 2 ° С, and in the vertical direction - 1 ° С for each meter of the room height.

The temperature level can be reduced to 8-15 ° C where work is associated with constant movement and carrying heavy loads or where there is significant heat radiation. In summer, the temperature in the working room should not exceed the outside temperature by 3-5 ° C, and in hot weather, so that it is lower than outside. Performance is reduced at both very low and very high humidity.

1. Light- a strong stimulant of performance. Lighting is considered sufficient if it allows you to work for a long time without stress and does not cause eye fatigue. When using fluorescent lamps (fluorescent lamps), visual fatigue occurs later than with conventional incandescent lamps, and labor productivity increases.

The color of the surrounding objects, the color of the walls have a significant impact on a person's performance. Red paints with a golden hue - warm - have an invigorating, stimulating effect, and blue, green-blue, on the contrary, are soothing, conducive to rest, to peace, conducive to sleep. Things painted in a dark color seem to be heavier than light ones, so it is recommended to paint machines and machines in pleasant light colors.

Noise has a negative impact on health and performance. Exposure to prolonged and very intense noise (over 80 dB) adversely affects the nervous system, hearing loss and deafness may develop.

The standards for general safety requirements for production equipment establish safety requirements for the design of the equipment as a whole and its individual elements. Methods for monitoring the fulfillment of safety requirements contain safety requirements for the placement of elements of technological systems, operating modes of production equipment, control systems and personnel work regimes, requirements for the use of protective equipment, standards for norms and general requirements for hazard types, establish maximum permissible concentrations, levels or doses of harmful substances and safety requirements when working with substances that emit hazardous and harmful vapors.

2. Industrial ventilation and air conditioning

Ventilation- air exchange in rooms, carried out using various systems and devices.

As a person is in a room, the air quality in it deteriorates. Along with the exhaled carbon dioxide, other metabolic products, dust, and harmful industrial substances also accumulate in the air. In addition, the temperature and humidity of the air rises. Therefore, there is a need for ventilation of the room, which ensures air exchange- removal of polluted air and its replacement with clean air.

Air exchange can be carried out in a natural way - through the vents and transoms.

The best way of air exchange is artificial ventilation, in which fresh air is supplied and polluted air is removed mechanically - using fans and other devices.

The most perfect form of artificial ventilation is air conditioning - the creation and maintenance in closed rooms and transport using technical means of the most favorable (comfortable) conditions for people, to ensure technological processes, the operation of equipment and devices, the preservation of cultural and artistic values.

Air conditioning is achieved by creating optimal parameters of the air environment, its temperature, relative humidity, gas composition, air speed and pressure.

Air conditioning units are equipped with devices for cleaning the air from dust, for heating, cooling, dehumidifying and humidifying it, as well as for automatic regulation, control and management. In some cases, using air conditioning systems, it is also possible to carry out odoration (saturation of the air with aromatic substances), deodorization (neutralization of unpleasant odors), regulation of the ionic composition (ionization), removal of excess carbon dioxide, oxygen enrichment and bacteriological air purification (in medical institutions where there are patients with airborne infection).

Distinguish between central air conditioning systems, serving, as a rule, the entire building, and local, serving one room.

Air conditioning is carried out using air conditioners of various types, the design and construction of which depends on their purpose. Various devices are used for air conditioning: fans, humidifiers, air ionizers. In the premises, the optimal air temperature is considered to be from +19 to +21 ° C in winter, from +22 to +25 ° C in summer, with a relative air humidity of 60 to 40% and an air speed of no more than 30 cm / s.

3. Requirements for lighting of premises and workplaces

Lighting is of great hygienic importance. It is important not only to illuminate a room or a separate workplace, but to create lighting that would match the nature of the work being performed. Insufficient lighting reduces efficiency and labor productivity, causes eye fatigue, contributes to the development of myopia, an increase in industrial injuries, and leads to traffic accidents on the streets and roads. Lighting can be natural, artificial and mixed.

Natural lighting is caused by the sun's rays and the diffused light of the sky and varies depending on the latitude, the height of the sun, the degree of cloudiness and the transparency of the atmosphere. Natural light has a spectrum to which the human eye is most accustomed.

The norms of natural lighting are set depending on the purpose of the building and individual rooms. The best illumination of the premises is achieved by painting the walls and ceilings in light colors, as well as by periodically cleaning window panes, the pollution of which leads to a loss of 50% of the luminous flux. To assess natural light, the coefficient of natural light is used, which shows how many times the illumination inside the room is less than the outside. In the middle lane, at the points farthest from the windows, the coefficient of natural light should be at least 2.5%, and in northern latitudes - 2.9%. The optimal orientation of the windows of living quarters is south and southeast.

Artificial light sources are electric lamps. A quantitative characteristic is illumination, which is set in the range from 5 to 5000 lux, depending on the nature of the work performed.

There are two types of artificial lighting: general, in which the light spreads evenly throughout the room, and combined, created by lamps of general and local lighting at the same time and which is the most appropriate in terms of hygiene. It is not recommended to work only under local lighting, since, looking from a brightly lit surface to dark surrounding objects, we create an additional strain on the eyes. A table lamp or other portable lamp is installed directly at the workplace so that the light from it falls from the front on the left side, then the shadow from the hand will not obscure the work.

In a table lamp or sconce, the light bulb should be at least 40-60 W for people with normal vision, and for the elderly and those with impaired vision, it is better to purchase 75-100 W lamps. The power of lamps in general lighting fixtures is determined at the rate of 10-15 W per 1 m 3 of the area of ​​the room.

When using fluorescent lamps, luminaires with one lamp are not recommended, since the light in such a lamp pulses according to the change in the voltage in the network. It is advisable to arrange general lighting with fluorescent lamps, and use incandescent lamps for local lighting.

Mixed lighting- the inclusion of artificial (electric) light in addition to daylight, which, if necessary, is quite advisable.

4. Industrial vibration and its impact on humans

Vibration- mechanical vibrations of solids. Vibration sources are widely used in industry and in everyday life pneumatic and electric, hand, power tools, various machines, machine tools.

Vibration is characterized by the amount of displacement of the vibrating point from the stable position (amplitude) in millimeters and the number of vibrations per second. From these values, the oscillatory speed is calculated, expressed in both absolute (m / s) and relative values ​​(decibels), and the acceleration.

Both in production and in everyday life, vibration can have an adverse effect on a person - lead to a violation of a number of physiological processes, and with prolonged systematic exposure - to the development of vibration disease.

Conventionally, local vibration is distinguished, which acts mainly on the hands of workers, and general - when, when the floor, seat (workplace) vibrates, the entire body is exposed to vibration.

With a vibration disease that develops under the influence of local vibration, the following are characteristic:

1) pain in the hands, more often at night;

2) whitening of the fingers in the cold;

3) numbness and chilliness of the hands;

4) pain in the lower back and in the region of the heart.

This is due to impaired blood circulation in the peripheral vessels. Pain sensitivity is especially severe, the temperature of the skin on the hands and feet decreases. Desensitization increases with the duration and severity of the disease.

There are disturbances in the activity of the endocrine glands, internal organs and metabolic processes. When exposed to vibration with a large amplitude, disorders occur in muscles, ligaments, joints, bones. Weakness, fatigue, irritability, headaches, and poor sleep appear.

With general vibration, the vestibular system especially often suffers, headaches, dizziness occur.

For the prevention of vibration disease, along with hygienic regulation, vibration of machines, equipment and tools is eliminated by balancing the forces that cause vibrations. Measures are being taken to reduce the transmission of vibration with the help of elastic elements and vibration damping, technological processes are introduced that limit or completely exclude the contact of the worker with a vibrating surface.

It is necessary for workers to observe a rational regime of work and rest and the use of personal protective equipment, such as vibration-damping gloves and shoes.

The most important measure to prevent vibration sickness is strict adherence to the established rules for working in vibration and safety standards.

5. Industrial noise and its impact on humans

Noise- a complex of sounds that causes an unpleasant sensation or painful reactions. Noise- one of the forms of physical pollution of the living environment. He's as slow a killer as chemical poisoning.

A noise level of 20-30 decibels (dB) is practically harmless to humans. This is a natural background noise, without which human life is impossible. For loud sounds, the acceptable limit is approximately 80 dB. A sound of 130 dB already causes a painful sensation in a person, and at 130 dB it becomes unbearable for him.

In some industries, prolonged and very intense noise (80-100 dB) has a negative impact on health and performance. Industrial noise is tiring, annoying, interferes with concentration, has a negative effect not only on the organ of hearing, but also on vision, attention, and memory.

Noise of sufficient effectiveness and duration can lead to a decrease in hearing sensitivity, hearing loss and deafness can develop.

Under the influence of strong noise, especially high-frequency noise, irreversible changes gradually occur in the organ of hearing.

At high noise levels, a decrease in auditory sensitivity occurs after 1-2 years of work, at medium levels it is detected much later, after 5-10 years.

The sequence with which hearing loss occurs is now well understood. At first, intense noise causes temporary hearing loss. Under normal conditions, hearing is restored in a day or two.

But if exposure to noise continues for months or, as is the case in industry, for years, no recovery occurs, and the temporary shift in the hearing threshold becomes permanent.

At first, nerve damage affects the perception of the high-frequency range of sound vibrations, gradually spreading to the lowest frequencies. The nerve cells of the inner ear are so damaged that they atrophy, die, and do not recover.

Noise has a harmful effect on the central nervous system, causing fatigue and depletion of cells in the cerebral cortex.

Insomnia occurs, fatigue develops, working capacity and labor productivity decrease.

Noise has a harmful effect on the visual and vestibular analyzers, which can lead to impaired coordination of movements and body balance.

Studies have shown that inaudible sounds are also dangerous. Ultrasound, which occupies a prominent place in the range of industrial noise, adversely affects the body, although the ear does not perceive it.

The harmful effects of noise during work in noisy industries can be avoided by various methods and means. A significant reduction in industrial noise is achieved by using special technical means of noise suppression.

6. Industrial dust and its effect on the human body

Industrial dust consists of airborne solid particles. By origin, it can be natural and artificial, mineral and organic. Industrial dust, the nature of which depends on its composition, is the most common cause of disease. The finer the dust particles, the longer they are in suspension, penetrating into the smallest pores of the skin, bronchi and alveoli.

A high risk of the occurrence of "dust" diseases is observed in the extraction of minerals, in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, the building materials industry when inhaling dust of quartz, asbestos, coal and other solid, practically insoluble materials.

A special class of harmful substances is the so-called fibrogenic dust, with prolonged inhalation of which the most severe occupational diseases develop in the lungs - chronic dust bronchitis and pneumoconiosis. Pneumoconiosis occurs with prolonged inhalation of various dust and is characterized by the proliferation of connective tissue in the respiratory tract.

Depending on the type of dust inhaled, some types of pneumoconiosis are distinguished. Silicosis- develops upon prolonged inhalation of dust containing free silicon dioxide.

Dust can contain silicon dioxide, which is bound to other elements - magnesium, calcium, iron, aluminum - and is found in the production and processing of silicates (asbestos, cement, talc, aluminum). When the dust of some metals (beryllium, iron, aluminum, barium) is inhaled, metalloconiosis develops.

Anthracosis develops in coal miners and concentrator workers when they inhale coal dust. When exposed to dust from plant fibers (cotton), flour dust, grain, sugar cane, plastics, allergic bronchitis can develop, agricultural dust with admixtures of fungi - "farm lung". With all these occupational diseases, patients develop coughing, shortness of breath, persistent changes in the lungs, chest pains, often leading to decreased performance and disability.

In the fight against the formation and spread of dust, technological measures are most effective. In the mining and coal industry, the introduction of drilling with water was an effective measure to combat dustiness in the air. During wet drilling, dust at the time of its formation is moistened, settles and does not enter the air. The use of local and general ventilation, personal protective equipment - anti-dust respirators is of great importance.

Preventive sanitary and hygienic measures to combat industrial dust are diverse and are aimed at minimizing dust content in the air: mechanization and automation of production, organization of general and local ventilation, sealing of production equipment, replacement of dry methods of work with wet ones. It is necessary to conduct preliminary (upon admission to work) and periodic medical examinations.

The norms of the industrial microclimate are established by the system of occupational safety standards GOST 12.1.005-88 " General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area". They are the same for all industries and all climatic zones with some minor deviations, and each component of the microclimate in the working area of ​​the industrial premises and workplace is standardized: temperature, relative humidity, air speed, depending on the ability of the human body to acclimatize at different times of the year, the nature of the clothes, the intensity of the work performed and the nature of heat generation in the working room, illumination.

To assess the nature of clothing and acclimatization of the body at different times of the year, the concept of the period of the year (warm and cold) was introduced.

Taking into account the intensity of labor, all types of work, based on the total energy consumption of the body, are divided into three categories: light, moderate and heavy. The characteristics of industrial premises by the category of work performed in them are established by the category of work, taking into account the position of the worker, energy consumption, physical, mental and mental stress.

According to the intensity of heat release, industrial premises are divided into groups depending on the specific excess of sensible heat emanating from the heated surfaces of technological equipment, lighting devices, insolation at permanent and non-permanent workplaces. The intensity of thermal irradiation of those working from open sources should not exceed 140 W / m2, while more than 25% of the body surface should not be exposed to radiation and the use of personal protective equipment must be used.

In the working area of ​​the industrial premises, in accordance with GOST 12.1.005-88, optimal and permissible microclimatic conditions can be established. Optimal microclimatic conditions are a combination of microclimate parameters, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provides a feeling of thermal comfort and creates the preconditions for high performance.

Permissible microclimatic conditions are combinations of microclimate parameters that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to humans, can cause stress in thermoregulation reactions and which do not go beyond the physiological adaptive capabilities. At the same time, there are no violations in the state of health, there are no uncomfortable sensations of heat that worsen well-being and a decrease in working capacity.

The optimal parameters of the microclimate in industrial premises are provided by air conditioning systems, and the permissible parameters are provided by conventional ventilation and heating systems.