Equipment for maintenance and repair of tubing. Technological process of tubing repair Types of tubing repair

The invention relates to the field of mining, namely to the technique and technology for the restoration of worn steel tubing (tubing BU). The technical result consists in increasing the corrosion resistance and bearing capacity of the repaired pipes due to their lining. The method includes radiation control, cleaning the outer and inner surfaces of pipes from deposits and contamination, visual and instrumental quality control, cutting and quality control of threads, hydraulic pressure testing, screwing on couplings and safety parts, marking and packing pipes into bags. A feature of the invention is that a thin-walled electric-welded pipe - a liner is introduced into the inner cavity of the pipe intended for repair, with adhesive-sealant previously applied to its outer surface, and then they are subjected to joint drawing in the expansion mode by pulling the mandrel through the inner cavity of the liner. 1 tab.

The invention relates to the field of repair of products made of steels and alloys that were in operation, and in particular to the technique and technology for the restoration of worn steel tubing (tubing).

During operation, tubing undergoes corrosive and erosive wear, as well as mechanical abrasion. As a result of the influence of these factors on the tubing, various defects are formed on their outer and especially inner surface, including pitting, cavities, risks, scuffs, etc., which lead to loss of the bearing capacity of the pipes, so their further use for their intended purpose without appropriate repairs are not possible. In some cases, repair of tubing existing ways does not give a positive result due to the large size of the defects.

The closest technical solution to the proposed invention is a method for repairing tubing, developed by OAO Tatneft, set forth, for example, in the "Regulations on the procedure for quality control, restoration and rejection of tubing".

This method has been widely used in all Russian oil companies.

The well-known method of tubing repair establishes a certain procedure for performing technological operations of refurbishment and technical requirements for the quality of used tubing (tubing BU) and to be repaired. Restorative repair is carried out in the following sequence: radiation control of pipes; cleaning their inner and outer surfaces from asphalt, salt, paraffin deposits (ASPO), corrosion products and other contaminants; visual control; templating; flaw detection by physical methods; cutting and quality control of threads at the ends of pipes (if necessary); screwing couplings; pipe length measurement; hydraulic pressure test; marking; packing and sending pipes to consumers. The main technical requirements for the quality of used pipes sent for repair establish standards for pipe curvature and limits for general and local wear. Defects and defects of tubing tubing of BU should be no more than those that ensure the minimum residual pipe wall thickness specified in Table 1.

If on the surface of individual pipe sections there are unacceptable defects with dimensions exceeding the permissible ones, then such pipe sections are cut out, but the length of the remaining part of the pipe must be at least 5.5 m.

The disadvantages of this method of repair tubing are:

Significant limitation of the volumes of tubing rigs sent for refurbishment due to the presence of unacceptable defects;

The need to cut a part of the tubing with unacceptable defects (such pipes or parts of pipes are disposed of as scrap metal);

Reduced service life of repaired tubing rigs compared to new tubing.

The objective of the proposed technical solution is to increase the corrosion resistance and bearing capacity of worn tubing due to their lining, which will increase the volume of maintainable pipes and use them for their intended purpose instead of purchasing and using new tubing. Currently, Russian oil companies send about 200,000 tons of pipes annually to replace worn tubing.

The problem is solved by the fact that the proposed method includes manufacturing a liner (pipe) according to special technical conditions, applying a sealing material to the outer surface of the liner and the inner surface of the tubing BU, introducing a liner into the tubing BU, distributing it, creating conditions for the polymerization of the sealing material, mainly on an epoxy basis. .

As a liner, a welded or seamless pipe made of ferrous, non-ferrous metals or alloys with increased corrosion resistance is used. The outer diameter of the liner is determined by the formula D ln =D vn.nkt -Δ, where D ln - outer diameter of the liner; D vn.nkt - the actual inner diameter of the tubing BU, taking into account their actual wear; Δ - an annular gap between the inner diameter of the tubing BU and the outer diameter of the liner. The gap is determined based on the practical experience of the free introduction of the liner into the internal cavity of the tubing of the BU, as a rule, it ranges from 2-5 mm. The wall thickness of the liner is determined from the technical feasibility of its manufacture with a minimum value and from the economic feasibility of its use.

Example 1. As indicated in the description of the prototype, to restore the tubing BU repair is carried out in the following sequence: radiation monitoring; cleaning of pipes from ASPO, processing; visual and instrument quality control; processing of pipe ends with threading and screwing of couplings; hydraulic pressure test. Statistical analysis has shown that up to 70% of rig tubing can be restored in this way of repair, the rest of the pipes are disposed of as scrap metal. BU tubing after repair showed that their service life is 15-25% less than that of new tubing.

Example 2. Tubing pipes BU that do not meet technical requirements, regulated by the existing technology (prototype) and indicated in table 1, were repaired in the following sequence: radiation control; cleaning pipes from ASPO, including shot blasting. Visual and instrumental control established the presence of cavities, scuffs and worn parts on the inner surface, leading the wall thickness of the tubing rig beyond the maximum allowable deviation. On experimental tubing BU in different places Through holes with a diameter of 3 mm were drilled along the length. Welded thin-walled pipes made of corrosion-resistant steel with an outer diameter of 48 mm and a wall thickness of 2.0 mm were used as a liner. A sealing material 2 mm thick was applied to the outer surface of the liner and the inner surface of the tubing tubing. At the front and rear ends of the tubing BU, sockets were made by introducing a conical mandrel of the appropriate size and shape into the tubing BU. At one end of the liner, a socket was also made in such a way that the inner surface of the socket of the rear end of the tubing tubing of the drilling unit closely mated with the outer surface of the socket of the liner. The liner was introduced into the tubing BU with a gap between its outer diameter and the inner diameter of the tubing BU equal to about 2.0 mm. BU tubing with a liner introduced into it were installed in the rests of the receiving table of the drawing mill. By pulling the mandrel through the inner cavity of the liner, the joint deformation (expansion) of the liner and tubing BU was carried out. The working cylindrical part of the mandrel was made in such a way that the outer diameter of the CU tubing after lining increased by 0.3-0.5% of its actual diameter before lining. The pulling of the mandrel through the combined liner and tubing of the BU was carried out with the help of a rod, at one end of which the mandrel was fixed, and the other end was installed in the grips of the drawing trolley of the drawing mill. After the distribution of the liner and tubing BU, the polymerization of the sealing material was carried out at the shop temperature. All pipes of the pilot batch passed the internal pressure tests in accordance with GOST 633-80. Bench tests of tubing BU after the specified repair showed an increase in the operational life by 5.2 times compared to new tubing. Maintainability of tubing BU increased compared to the prototype and amounted to 87.5%.

The technical result from the application of the claimed object is to increase the corrosion resistance and bearing capacity of worn tubing BU, increase the volume of restoration of tubing BU by increasing their maintainability. The economic result is to reduce the cost of servicing oil wells by using tubing BU after repair for its intended purpose instead of purchasing expensive new tubing, increasing the reliability and durability of bimetallic tubing by imparting high corrosion resistance to pipes, provided by the corrosion resistance of the liner material.

Preliminary studies of the available patent and scientific and technical literature on the fund of the Ural State Technical University, Yekaterinburg, showed that the set of essential features of the proposed invention is new and has not been used in practice before, which allows us to conclude that the technical solution meets the criteria of "novelty" and " inventive step”, and we consider its industrial applicability expedient and technically feasible, which follows from its full description.

A method for repairing used tubing (tubing BU), including radiation monitoring, cleaning the outer and inner surfaces of pipes from deposits and contaminants, visual and instrumental quality control, cutting and quality control of threads, hydraulic pressure testing, screwing on couplings and safety parts , marking and packaging of pipes in bags, characterized in that a thin-walled electric-welded pipe is introduced into the inner cavity of the pipe intended for repair - a liner with adhesive sealant previously applied to its outer surface, and then they are subjected to joint drawing in the expansion mode by pulling the mandrel through the inner cavity of the liner.

The number of equipment is determined by the volume of output. To perform operations according to p.p. 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13 (see Table 3.6) automated equipment is provided.

The workshop is equipped with an automated transport and accumulation system that ensures the transportation of pipes between process equipment and the creation of interoperational backlogs, as well as an automated computer system for accounting for the production of pipes "ASU-NKT" with the ability to conduct pipe certification.

Consider the workshop equipment:

MECHANIZED PIPE WASHING LINE

Designed for cleaning and washing the inner and outer surfaces of the tubing before their repair and preparation for further operation.

Washing is carried out by high-pressure jets of the working fluid, while achieving the required quality of tubing washing without heating the working fluid, due to the high-speed dynamic impact of the jets. Water without chemical additives is used as a working fluid.

Tubing with paraffin-oil contamination and salt deposits can be washed if the pipe channel is clogged up to 20% of the area.

Washing with an increased amount of contamination is allowed with a decrease in line productivity.

The spent working fluid is cleaned, the composition is updated and again fed into the washing chamber. Mechanized removal of contaminants is provided.

The line operates in automatic mode controlled by a programmable controller.

Advantages:

- high productivity and the required quality of washing are achieved without heating the working fluid, saving energy costs;
- there is no coagulation and sticking of the removed contaminants, the costs for their disposal and equipment cleaning are reduced;
- the environmental conditions of the tubing cleaning process are improved by reducing the release of harmful vapors, aerosols and heat, which leads to an improvement in the working conditions of workers.

Specifications:

Diameter of processed tubing, mm 60.3; 73; 89

Length of processed tubing, m 5.5 ... 10.5

Number of simultaneously washable tubing, pcs. 2

Washing liquid pressure, MPa up to 25

High pressure pumps:

- anti-corrosion version with ceramic plungers
- the number of workers 2pcs.
- the number of reserve 1pc.
- pump performance, m 3 / hour 10

Material of washing nozzles carbide

Power consumption, kW 210

The capacity of the sump and consumable tanks, m 3 50

Overall dimensions, mm 42150 H 6780 H 2900

Weight, kg 37000

PIPE DRYING CHAMBER

Designed for drying tubing entering the chamber after washing or hydrotesting.

Drying is carried out by hot air supplied under pressure from the end of the pipe, passing along the entire length, followed by recirculation and partial purification from water vapor.

The temperature is maintained automatically.

Specifications:

Productivity, pipes/hour up to 30

Drying temperature, ºС 50 ... 60; Drying time, min 15

Heater heater power, kW 60, 90

The amount of exhaust air, m 3 / hour 1000

The amount of recirculated air, m 3 / hour 5000

Characteristics of the tubing

- outer diameter, mm 60, 73, 89
- length, mm 5500 ... 10500

Overall dimensions, mm 11830 H 1800 H 2010

Weight, kg 3150

MECHANICAL PIPE STRIPING PLANT

Designed for mechanical cleaning of the inner surface of the tubing from random solid deposits that were not removed during pipe washing, during their repair and restoration.

Cleaning is carried out with a special tool (spring-loaded scraper) inserted on a rod into the channel of a rotating pipe, with simultaneous blowing with compressed air. The suction of processed products is provided.

Specifications:

Diameter of processed tubing, mm

- external 60.3; 73; 89

Length of processed tubing, m 5.5 - 10.5

Number of simultaneously processed tubing, pcs. 2 (with any combination of pipe lengths)

Tool feed rate, m/min 4.5

Pipe rotation frequency (Ж73mm), min-1 55

Compressed air pressure, MPa 0.5 ... 0.6

Air consumption for purging pipes, l/min 2000

Total power, kW 2.6

Overall dimensions, mm 23900 H 900 H 2900

Weight, kg 5400

INSTALLING TEMPLATE

Designed to control the inner diameter and curvature of the tubing during their repair and restoration.

The control is carried out by passing a control mandrel with dimensions according to GOST 633-80, which is inserted on the rod into the pipe hole. The plant works in automatic mode.

Specifications:

Installation capacity, pipes/hour up to 30

Diameter of controlled tubing, mm

- external 60.3; 73; 89
- internal 50.3; 59; 62; 75.9

Length of controlled tubing, m 5.5 - 10.5

Outer diameter of templates (according to GOST633-80), mm 48.15; 59.85; 56.85; 72.95

Template pushing force, N 100 - 600

Template travel speed, m/min 21

Travel drive power, kW 0.75

Overall dimensions, mm 24800 H 600 H 1200

Weight, kg 3000

AUTOMATED DEFECTOSCOPY LINE

Designed for non-destructive testing by electromagnetic method of tubing with couplings during repair and restoration, with their sorting by strength groups. Management is carried out by a programmable controller. The line includes a flaw detection unit "URAN-2000M". pumping compressor pipe repair

Compared to existing equipment, the line has a number of advantages.

In automatic mode, the following is carried out:

- the most comprehensive flaw detection and quality control of pipes and couplings;
- sorting and selection by strength groups of tubing and couplings;
- obtaining reliable quality indicators of both domestic and imported tubing through the use of a device for determining the chemical composition of the material in the control system;
- determination of the boundaries of defective sections of the pipe.

Specifications:

Line productivity, pipes/hour up to 30

Diameter of controlled tubing, mm 60.3; 73; 89

Length of controlled tubing, m 5.5 ... 10.5

Number of control positions 4

Tubing displacement speed, m/min 20

Compressed air pressure in the pneumatic system, MPa 0.5 - 0.6

Total power, kW 8

Overall dimensions, mm 41500 H 1450 H 2400

Weight, kg 11700

Controlled parameters:

- continuity of the pipe wall;
- pipe and coupling strength groups ("D", "K", "E"), determination of the chemical composition of the material;
- thickness measurement of the pipe wall according to GOST 633-80.

Marking is carried out with a paint and varnish material according to the information on the monitor of the flaw detection unit.

Control data can be transferred to an automatic system for accounting for the release and certification of pipes.

INSTALLATION OF DEFECTOSCOPY OF TUBING AND COUPLING "URAN-2000M"

The unit operates as part of an automated flaw detection line and is designed to check the quality of tubing for the following indicators:

- the presence of discontinuities;
- control of the pipe wall thickness;
- sorting by strength groups "D", "K", "E" of pipes and couplings.

Installation composition:

- Measuring controller;
- Desktop controller;
- Pipe strength group control sensor; control panel and indication
- The sensor of control of group of durability of the coupling; (monitor);
- A set of flaw detection sensors;

- Display device monitor;
- A set of thickness gauges;
- Software;
- Signal processing unit;
- A set of working samples;
- Display device controller;

The installation operates in the following modes:

Control of discontinuities (defectoscopy) according to GOST 633-80;

Pipe wall thickness control according to GOST 633-80;

Control chemical composition couplings and pipes;

Control of the strength group of the coupling and tubing according to GOST 633-80;

Output of results to the display device with the possibility of printing;

Technical specifications:

Control speed, m/s 0.4

Installation productivity, pipes/hour 40

Characteristics of pipes being repaired, mm

Diameter 60.3; 73; 89; length 5500 ... 10500

General specifications:

Base controller processors - 486 DX4-100 and Pentium 100;

RAM (RAM) - 16 MB;

Floppy disk drive (FDD) - 3.5I, 1.44 Mb;

Hard disk drive (HDD) - 1.2 GB;

Voltage - 380/220 V; Power consumption - 2500 VA;

Time of continuous work - not less than 20 hours;

Mean time between failures - not less than 3000 hours;

Resistance to mechanical stress according to GOST 12997-76.

MACHINE MUFTODOVERTOCHNY

The machine is designed for screwing and unscrewing smooth tubing couplings. Make-up is carried out with the control of a given torque (depending on the size of the pipe).

The machine is built into the turning section of the tubing repair, but can be used autonomously if available. Vehicle providing loading and unloading of pipes.

The machine is controlled by a programmable controller.

Advantages:

- constructive simplicity;
- simplicity and convenience of changeover to screwing modes or

unscrewing and on the size of the pipe;

Possibility of transporting pipes through the spindle and chuck.

Specifications:

Productivity, pipes/hour up to 40

Pipe diameter / outer diameter of couplings, mm 60/73; 73/89; 89/108

Spindle speed, min -1 10

Maximum torque, LFm 6000

Electromechanical spindle drive

Compressed air pressure, MPa 0.5 ... 0.6

Overall dimensions, mm 2740 H 1350 H 1650

Weight, kg 1660

HYDRO TEST INSTALLATION

Designed for internal testing hydrostatic pressure on the strength and tightness of tubing with screwed-on couplings during their repair and restoration.

The tightness of the tested cavity is carried out along the threads of the tubing and the coupling. Work zone During testing, the installation is covered with lifting protective screens, which allows it to be integrated into production lines without a specialized box.

The operation of the installation is carried out in automatic mode controlled by a programmable controller.

Advantages:

- increased quality control in accordance with GOST 633-80;
- reliability of the installation, it is planned to flush the pipe channel from the remnants of chips;
- reliable protection production personnel with significant savings in production space.

Specifications:

Productivity, pipes/hour up to 30

Tubing diameter, mm 60.3; 73; 89

Tubing length, m 5.5 - 10.5

Test pressure, MPa up to 30

Working fluid water

Holding time of tubing under pressure, sec. 10

Plug and tubing rotation frequency during make-up, min-1 180

Estimated make-up torque NChm 100

Air pressure in the pneumatic system, MPa 0.5

Total power, kW 22

Overall dimensions, mm 17300 H 6200 H 3130

Weight, kg 10000

SETTING THE LENGTH MEASUREMENT

Designed to measure the length of tubing with sleeves and obtain information on the number and total length of tubing during the formation of tubing packages after their repair.

The measurement is performed using a moving carriage with a sensor and a displacement transducer.

The operation of the installation is carried out in automatic mode controlled by a programmable controller. Scheme for measuring the length of the pipe according to GOST633-80;

Specifications:

Installation capacity, pipes/hour up to 30

Outer diameter of tubing, mm 60.3; 73; 89

Tubing length, m 5.5 - 10.5

Measurement error, mm +5

Measurement resolution, mm 1

Carriage travel speed, m/min 18.75

Carriage movement drive power, W 90

Overall dimensions, mm 12100 H 840 H 2100

Weight, kg 1000

STAMPING INSTALLATION

Designed for marking tubing after repair.

Marking is applied to the open end of the pipe coupling by successive extrusion of marks. Marking content (programmatically changed at will): pipe serial number (3 digits), date (6 digits), pipe length in cm (4 digits), strength group (one of the letters D, K, E), company code (1 , 2 characters) and others at the request of the user (20 different characters in total).

The unit is built into pipe repair shops with equipment for flaw detection and measuring the length of pipes, while the exchange of information and branding of pipes is carried out in an automatic mode of operation, using a programmable controller.

Advantages:

- a large amount of information is provided and its good reading, including on pipes in stacks;
- good quality of marking, because branding is performed on a machined surface;
- safety of marking during operation of pipes;
- simple and multiple removal of old markings during pipe repair;
- in comparison with the marking on the pipe generatrix, the need to clean the pipe and the risk of microcracks are eliminated.

Specifications:

Productivity, pipes/hour up to 30

Tubing diameter according to GOST 633-80, mm 60, 73, 89; Tubing length, m up to 10.5

Font height according to GOST 26.008 - 85, mm 4

Imprint depth, mm 0.3 ... 0.5

Carbide brand tool GOST 25726-83 with revision

Compressed air pressure, MPa 0.5 ... 0.6

Overall dimensions, mm 9800 H 960 H 1630; Weight, kg 2200

AUTOMATED PIPE INCOUNTING SYSTEM FOR TUBING REPAIR SHOP

Designed for workshops with production lines for tubing repair for operations using controllers.

With the help of personal computers connected to a local network with controllers, the following functions are performed:

- accounting for incoming tubing packages for repair;
- formation of shift-daily tasks for launching tubing packages for processing;

Current accounting of pipes passing through critical operations flow, repair accounting ...

During operation, tubing undergoes corrosive and erosive wear, as well as mechanical abrasion. As a result of the influence of these factors on the tubing, various defects are formed on their outer and especially inner surface, including pitting, cavities, risks, scuffs, etc., which lead to loss of the bearing capacity of the pipes, so their further use for their intended purpose without appropriate repairs are not possible. In some cases, the repair of tubing by existing methods does not give a positive result due to the large size of the defects.

This method has been widely used in all Russian oil companies.

The disadvantages of this method of repair tubing are:

Significant limitation of the volumes of tubing rigs sent for refurbishment due to the presence of unacceptable defects;

The need to cut a part of the tubing with unacceptable defects (such pipes or parts of pipes are disposed of as scrap metal);

Reduced service life of repaired tubing rigs compared to new tubing.

As a liner, a welded or seamless pipe made of ferrous, non-ferrous metals or alloys with increased corrosion resistance is used. The outer diameter of the liner is determined by the formula D ln =D vn.nkt - , where D ln - outer diameter of the liner; D vn.nkt - the actual inner diameter of the tubing BU, taking into account their actual wear; - an annular gap between the inner diameter of the tubing BU and the outer diameter of the liner. The gap is determined based on the practical experience of the free introduction of the liner into the internal cavity of the tubing of the BU, as a rule, it ranges from 2-5 mm. The wall thickness of the liner is determined from the technical feasibility of its manufacture with a minimum value and from the economic feasibility of its use.

Example 2. Pipe tubing BU, do not meet the technical requirements, regulated by the existing technology (prototype) and specified in table.1, subjected to repair in the following sequence: radiation monitoring; cleaning pipes from ASPO, including shot blasting. Visual and instrumental control established the presence of cavities, scuffs and worn parts on the inner surface, leading the wall thickness of the tubing rig beyond the maximum allowable deviation. Through holes with a diameter of 3 mm were drilled on the experimental tubing of the BU in different places along the length. Welded thin-walled pipes made of corrosion-resistant steel with an outer diameter of 48 mm and a wall thickness of 2.0 mm were used as a liner. A sealing material 2 mm thick was applied to the outer surface of the liner and the inner surface of the tubing tubing. At the front and rear ends of the tubing BU, sockets were made by introducing a conical mandrel of the appropriate size and shape into the tubing BU. At one end of the liner, a socket was also made in such a way that the inner surface of the socket of the rear end of the tubing tubing of the drilling unit closely mated with the outer surface of the socket of the liner. The liner was introduced into the tubing BU with a gap between its outer diameter and the inner diameter of the tubing BU equal to about 2.0 mm. BU tubing with a liner introduced into it were installed in the rests of the receiving table of the drawing mill. By pulling the mandrel through the inner cavity of the liner, the joint deformation (expansion) of the liner and tubing BU was carried out. The working cylindrical part of the mandrel was made in such a way that the outer diameter of the CU tubing after lining increased by 0.3-0.5% of its actual diameter before lining. The pulling of the mandrel through the combined liner and tubing of the BU was carried out with the help of a rod, at one end of which the mandrel was fixed, and the other end was installed in the grips of the drawing trolley of the drawing mill. After the distribution of the liner and tubing BU, the polymerization of the sealing material was carried out at the shop temperature. All pipes of the pilot batch passed the internal pressure tests in accordance with GOST 633-80. Bench tests of tubing BU after the specified repair showed an increase in the operational life by 5.2 times compared to new tubing. Maintainability of tubing BU increased compared to the prototype and amounted to 87.5%.

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Introduction

Modern industry is developing at a tremendous pace, in connection with this, in the conditions of mass production and different brands of machines, the economic side of the issue of repair becomes controversial: it is cheaper to replace a part, assembly, unit with a new one than to repair a failed one. This dilemma is often resolved by several factors, one of them being transportation. In this project under consideration, it is key. Due to the dispersal of objects-consumers of repairs, the remoteness of factories, it is economically feasible to repair tubing in the settlement. IN Orenburg region In Buzuluk district there is a repair plant that repairs tubing with a program of about 100,000 repairs per year, but its remoteness increases equipment downtime and does not satisfy the need for urgent repairs of small batches of tubing, and also entails high transportation costs.

Modern conditions for repair production must comply with labor protection standards, fully satisfy the needs of the consumer and bring profit to the repair manufacturer. In this regard, a number of tasks were set for repair enterprises:

improvement of the organization and technology of tubing repair, improvement of the quality of the work provided;

The operation of a pumping and compressor station largely depends on the reliability of tubing, the absence of repair and assembly defects.

In this project, attempts are being made to modernize the technology for repairing tubing in the production building of the JSC. In this regard, the issues of changing the design and arrangement of the stand, the introduction of new equipment and the redistribution of technological work between the workers of the site are considered.

1 ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF JSC

1.1 Brief historical background

The company, founded in 1938, has deep roots in the agro-industrial complex of the RSFSR, the USSR and now Russia. It was founded as the RTP of the district and achieved the goals of the party in technical support agricultural farms. Before the beginning of the restructuring, thanks to the wise leadership of directors and engineers, the enterprise already had elements of automated production of agricultural machinery components, as well as lifting and transporting mechanisms such as a manipulator. During the years of perestroika, like all enterprises, it was in poverty due to the lack of demand for products and the lack of wages. Thanks to the engineer, the company survived these difficult times, re-specializing in the production of heavy pipeline assemblies, their repair, as well as the production and repair of all kinds of metal structures. Now the enterprise is engaged in metalwork and mechanical work on the restoration of parts of the storage system, pipelines, repair of tubing and a single production of technological equipment for repair shops.

1.2 General characteristics of the enterprise.

open Joint-Stock Company is located in the district center of the settlement on Zwilling street 1. It is located on the outskirts of the village, which is beneficial for transporting the repair fund, as well as protecting the peace of the residents. The location in ohm is advantageous due to its close location to the Kolganskoye oil field. The enterprises working on it are the main customers for the repair of tubing pipes.

Figure 1.1 - General plan of the JSC: 1 - pipe building, 2 - warehouse for repair stock and finished products, 3 - building for hot and mechanical metal processing, 4 - area for open storage of metal scrap, 5 - building for the manufacture of metal structures, 6 - administrative building, 7 - checkpoint

On the territory of the enterprise there are: a pipe building in which we plan to introduce a graduation project, a repair fund and finished products warehouse, a building for hot and mechanical metal processing, an area for open storage of scrap metal, a building for manufacturing metal structures, an administrative building, a checkpoint.

Inside the pipe repair production building there are: a pipe repair area, a mechanical fitter section, a forging section, a warehouse section, an engineer's office and a tool room.

For repair workers, a salary-bonus system of remuneration is established, plus a bonus (up to 15%, depending on the experience of the employees of the enterprise).

The management scheme at the enterprise is shown in Figure 1.2

Figure 1.2 - Scheme of management at the enterprise

At the head of the company's management is CEO Pomogaev A.G. An engineer and an accountant are directly subordinate to him.

1.3 The objectives of the production activities of the repair enterprise.

At the moment, the purpose of the JSC is:

Repair and manufacture of parts for agricultural machines;

Release of production tooling and technological equipment for repair enterprises;

Manufacture and repair of fittings for heavy hydraulic lines;

Repair of tubing.

Providing a guarantee for all services provided.

1.4 Brief description of the production and technical building.

OJSC is a specialized company that offers repair of tubing according to standard repair technology, as well as a wide range of services for the manufacture of metal structures, parts and mechanical processing of materials. The basis for the implementation of the above services is the production and technical complex, which includes:

Pipe body

The building is divided into two boxes, the eastern one is for pipe repair, the western one is for the repair fund and finished products warehouse. In the building there are 4 cantilever crane-beams with a lifting capacity of 2 tons and a rail hoist for 5 tons. The sections are equipped with appropriate technological equipment: The cleaning section has a machine for cleaning pipes from oil products and dirt, a beam crane, a pipe rack; the pressure testing section is equipped with a pressure testing stand, a coupling winding machine and a device for non-destructive testing of the state of the pipe body; locksmith's mechanical section combines metal-cutting equipment. To repair the ends of the pipes, 1M983 lathes are used, but to hold the pipe on the axis of rotation of the cartridge, roller supports are used (item 3 on sheet 3 of the graphic part of the project), complete list metalworking machines and equipment is presented below.

Table 1.1 - Equipment of the pipe section

Name	Quantity

Screw-cutting lathe 1M983
Coupling machine
Radial drilling machine 21455
Grinding machine U 16.644.005
Drilling machine 2H150
Surface grinding machine 3B722
Milling machine 6N13P
Screw-cutting lathe 1K62B
Screw-cutting lathe 1M63
Screw-cutting lathe 163
Milling machine 6M82
Cutting machine 8G663 100 PN
Electric scissors

Housing hot and machined metal

For convenience, the building is divided into sections: metalwork, foundry and forging. The locksmith-mechanical section is equipped with metal-cutting machines, mounting equipment, as well as units for hot and cold deformation of parts and assemblies. The sections are united by a rail hoist with a carrying capacity of 5 tons.

Body of metal structures.

Serves to perform large-sized work. Equipped with metal-cutting tools and machine tools, a hoist with a lifting capacity of 5 tons, welding equipment, as well as various kinds of mounting equipment.

1.5 Main economic indicators of the enterprise

Fixed assets are important economic characteristic any organization. Let's analyze the composition and structure of fixed assets of JSC. The data necessary for the analysis will be presented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.2 - Composition and structure of fixed assets in OJSC.

Types of fixed assets

Amount at the end of the year, thousand rubles

Structure, %

Change in structure 2010 by 2008 (+,-)

Structures

cars and equipment

Transport

facilities

Industrial

and household inventory

Other types of fixed assets

Analyzing the data in Table 1.1, the value of fixed assets of OJSC for the analyzed period (from 2008 to 2010) increased by 2339 thousand rubles. Thus, in 2008 the value of fixed assets was equal to 38381 thousand rubles. rubles, and in 2010 it amounted to 40,780 thousand rubles. The increase in value is observed for all types of fixed assets, except for buildings and structures. The share of the cost of buildings and structures decreased by 2.1% and 1.7%, respectively, although their actual cost remained unchanged in 2008. their share was 36.9% and 27.6%, and in 2010. - 34.8% and 25.9% respectively. So over the past period, the cost of machinery and equipment has increased by 1269 thousand rubles. (from 8050 thousand rubles to 9319 thousand rubles), vehicles - by 779 thousand rubles. (from 4270 thousand rubles to 5049 thousand rubles), and production and household equipment - by 306 thousand rubles. (from 1253 thousand rubles to 1559 thousand rubles) and the cost of other types of fixed assets in 2010 by 45 thousand rubles.

There were no significant changes in the structure of fixed assets over the three years. The smallest share in the structure is occupied by other types of fixed assets. The largest share is buildings: in 2008 - 36.9%, in 2009 - 37%, in 2010 - 34.8%, but nevertheless there is a decrease of 2.1%. The share of buildings in 2008 amounted to - 27.6%, in 2009 - 27.6%, in 2010 - 25.9%, i.e. there was a decrease of 1.7%. The share of machinery and equipment in 2008 was 20.9%, in 2009 - 22.1%, and in 2010 - 22.9%. Those. share of machinery and equipment in overall structure fixed assets for three years increased by 2%. In the reporting year, compared with the base year, the share of production and household equipment slightly increased. In 2010, compared with 2008 and 2009, the share of vehicles increased by 1.3%.

The generalizing result of the production activity of the enterprise is the amount of proceeds from the sale of finished (works, services), i.e. product size. It represents the weight of sales volume across all sales channels in value terms. In effective planning of activities, the structure of commercial products is of great importance, the study of which can be used to identify additional reserves for increasing revenue in the planning period. The company's commercial products include the sale of metal structures, clamps for attaching cables to tubing, as well as the implementation of repair work and others. Data on the composition and structure of commercial products are presented in Table 1.2.

Table 1.2 - Composition and structure of commercial products of OJSC

Product types
Product types	in % of the total	in % of the total	in % of the total
Income from ordinary activities
sale of own production
Service implementation
of which repair and installation services
other services

In the structure of production activities, the largest share is occupied by the repair of tubing - 79.0% (on average for 2008 - 2010). The sale of metal structures in the structure of cash proceeds is 9.7% (average for 2008-2010). The implementation of services averaged 11.2% for the period under study. According to the table, it can be seen that the share of sales of services is increasing annually, if in 2008 services in the structure of cash proceeds amounted to 11.0%, then in 2010 they increased to 14.8%.

The development of JSC can be judged by examining the main economic indicators of its work, given in table 1.3.

Table 1.3 - Main economic indicators

Indicators				2010 change in % to 2008
Revenue from production activities, thousand rubles
including:
from production of tubing repair
from product sales
Cost of goods sold, thousand rubles
including:
production of tubing repair
product sales
Profit from transactions, thousand rubles
including:
from production of tubing repairs
from product sales
Profitability, %

As shown in Table 1.3, in accordance with the presented indicators for the analyzed period from 2008 to 2010. sales revenue increased by 9%, cost increased by 11.2%. In general, the activity of the LLC is profitable.

2 ANALYSIS OF MALFUNCTIONS AND DEFECTS OF TUBING AND COUPLINGS TO THEM

2.1 Malfunctions of driving axles and ways to eliminate them

During operation, hot-rolled tubing with upset ends proved to be the best, as they are balanced in terms of stress distribution in the pipe body with cut threads. The reliability of the pipes is due to a large margin of safety, which is 2.7 units, as well as the absence of vibrations and constant friction. With careful operation, the resource of pipes is unlimited, and it makes sense to interrupt operation only for cleaning pipes and monitoring the current state.

The main types of defects are caused either by non-compliance with the rules of operation, a factory or repair defect, or various kinds of accidents.

During the operation of tubing, couplings and when entering overhaul they may have the faults indicated in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 - Possible malfunctions of tubing

External signs faults	Causes of Mating Malfunctions and Part Defects	elimination/culling

Pipe end rolling	drop of the pipe on the end, excessive thread wear	thread cutting, pipe upsetting, new thread cutting
Wear, thread collapse, leakage in the thread, detected during pressure testing	thread deformation by force, low quality cut threads, material corrosion	thread cutting, pipe upsetting, new thread cutting
deviation of the pipe cross-sectional shape from round	force deformation

Continuation of table 2.1


pipe bend	deviation of the pipe axis from the line	in case of failure to pass the edit "59.9, 1.5m" - culling
	micropores, cracks, corrosion of pipe material	the suitability of the pipe is determined based on the indications of the Dina-I type flaw detection installation
Ring bully	It is allowed to scroll the pipe in the clamp	Turning to the pipe surface With a score > 1mm - rejection
Leakage of grease through the seals and connectors of the covers	Worn oil seals	Replace seals and tighten cap screws

2.2 Wear of the pipe body

A distinctive feature of the tubing operation is harsh operating conditions, the presence of constant mechanical loads and the interaction of aggressive media. Tubing pipes are exposed to constant erosion and corrosion. Pipes are made of steel grades NKT 20, steel NKT 30, steel NKT 30XMA. Pipes carrying the load of suspended loads and other pipes are subjected to tensile force, which fluctuates in magnitude, as well as a bending moment due to the swinging of the pumping station mast. As a result of these factors, the pipe body experiences periodic normal stresses, which contribute to the formation of transverse cracks in the material, pipe bending. A significant proportion of tubing failures are defects caused by accidents, non-compliance with the rules of operation, storage and transportation. Defects may relate to violation of the roundness of the pipe section, bending of the pipe, the formation of a circular scuff.

During fault detection, these faults are detected in three ways: visually, by stenciling and sortoscopy. A strong bend of the pipe, ovalization of the section, circular tearing are visually determined. Severely deformed pipes are rejected and sent to scrap, as well as pipes with a circular tear having a radial size of more than 1 mm. The rest of the pipes are templated with a template measuring 1250 mm in length and 59.6 mm in diameter, "impassable" pipes are rejected. At the section of sortoscopy, the grade of the pipe is determined, which determines its strength group: D, K or E, and pipes with a violation of the continuity of the material that are not subject to further operation are detected on it.

Thread and pipe end defects

Tubing pipes are assembled into a vertical pipeline suspended by the upper coupling, while the threads of the upper pipes experience stress from their own weight and the weight of the pumped liquid, as a result of which they wear out faster than the pipes located below. Pipe and coupling thread defects can be of repair or manufacturing origin. Possible defects shown in table 2.2

Table 2.2 - Possible defects in the tubing thread when cutting on the machine 1M983 causes of malfunctions and measures to eliminate them

Continuation of table 2.2


	Pipe end runout	Adjust the runout of the pipe by placing spacers between the clamping jaws and the pipe
Sheared tops on the entire length of the thread	Insufficient threading allowance	Increase the preload of the machined end by turning the handwheel of the flow caliper.
Sheared corners at the start or end of a thread	The taper of the groove does not match the taper of the cut	Repair flow copier
The thread tension on the caliber is more or less than the allowable	Inaccurate adjustment of the cross slide of the threaded caliper	Adjust the cutting diameter by turning the handwheel of the cross slide
Different tightness on one pipe when measuring with smooth and threaded gauges	Excessive die wear	change comb
Thread crushing (finely wavy surface)	Tapping tool not centered	Set the threading tool according to the template
Thread crushing (finely wavy surface)	Presence of air in the hydraulic system	Carry out several full idle cutting cycles

Continuation of table 2.2

The analysis carried out is presented on the third sheet of the graphic part.

3 ORGANIZATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

3.1 Organization of repair of tubing

Planning and organizing the repair of the middle bridge is of great importance, since an increase in the service life opens up a huge reserve of labor savings and Money, and also allows the company to increase the program of repairs.

The repair company accepts tubing for overhaul, guided by GOST 19504-74 "System Maintenance and repair of equipment. Handover for repair and acceptance from repair. Specifications for delivery for overhaul and release from overhaul”.

Tubing accepted for repair is stored in a warehouse for repair stock and finished products, isolated from production sites. When storing pipes in a room, a constant temperature and humidity are maintained.

From the warehouse of the repair fund, the pipes are bundled to the cleaning site, where they are freed from dirt, oil and oxidation products. The interior and exterior surfaces are cleaned. The operator of the cleaning machine performs the installation and dismantling of the pipe, the cleaning operation is carried out automatically.

The cleaned pipes are fed by a hoist to the fault detection rack, where they are inspected and templated, unusable pipes are marked with paint. Further, the pipes undergoing repair are sent to the rack of the 1M983 machine, on which the ends of the pipes are cut off and a new thread is cut. After mechanical processing, the pipes are sent to the sortoscopy section, where they determine whether the pipes belong to strength groups D, K and E. The copied pipes are marked with paint: D - green, K - yellow, E - white, after which a coupling is screwed onto the pipe using a coupling winding machine. Sortoscopy is followed by hydraulic testing - exposing the pipe to an internal liquid pressure of 30 MPa for 10 seconds, at which the state of the threads and the pipe body is observed, those pipes that had a leak in the threaded connection go through a repair cycle starting from threading again.

3.2 Designing a site for the repair of medium bridges

3.2.1 Mode of operation of the enterprise and funds of time

The operating mode of the enterprise includes: the number of working days per year and working shifts per day, the duration of each shift in hours.

For repair enterprises, the estimated number of working days in a year will be equal to the number of calendar days of the year without common weekends and holidays.

The duration of the work shift depends on the conditions and schedule of the enterprise. The length of the working week for workers and employees working in normal conditions set 40 hours. Thus, the duration of each shift with a five-day week is 8.2 hours.

The repair company works in one shift with a five-day working week. The duration of the shift is 8 hours with a reduction of one hour only on pre-holiday days, if they do not coincide with Sunday.

Annual working time funds define two types - nominal and real. The nominal time fund takes into account the nominal operating time for the year in hours, and the actual annual time fund takes into account the nominal time fund and losses due to good reasons(illness, vacation, business trip, etc.).

The nominal annual fund of working hours of workers and equipment is the number of working hours in accordance with the mode of operation, without taking into account possible losses of time. It is determined by the formula:

Ф ng \u003d K r ∙ t cm -K p ∙ t 1, (3.1)

where K p is the number of working days in a year

K n - the number of pre-weekend and pre-holiday days in which the work shift is reduced

t cm - shift duration, hour

t 1 - the time by which the shift at the enterprise is reduced on pre-holiday and pre-weekend days, hour

F ng \u003d 248 ∙ 8-3 ∙ 1 \u003d 1981 h,

Table 3.1 - Norm of time in the first half of 2011

									I half year
Calendar days
Working days
With a 40 hour work week

Table 3.2 - Norm of time in the II half of 2011

									II half year
Calendar days
Working days
Weekend
pre-holiday
holidays
With a 40 hour work week

The actual annual fund of operating time expresses the actual hours worked by the worker or equipment, taking into account losses. For workers, the loss of time is associated with professional, educational and other holidays, illnesses, and with a reduction in the working day for adolescents. The actual annual fund of time is calculated according to the formula:

F dg \u003d (F ng -K 0 ∙t cm) ∙β, (3.2)

where K 0 - the total number of vacation days in a year;

β - coefficient of loss of working time.

F dg \u003d (1981-24 ∙ 0.9) ∙ 0.97 \u003d 1900

The equipment time fund is determined by the formula:

Ф about =Ф ng ∙η about, (3.3)

F about \u003d 1981 ∙ 0.85 \u003d 1683 h.

3.2.2 Calculation of the main parameters of the production process

When designing a specialized repair enterprise Special attention give the organization the rhythm of production. The rhythm of production is the repetition of the production process at regular intervals. The ultimate goal of repair production is the release of repaired objects.

The rhythmic functioning of workplaces is determined by the different supply of the repair fund, the rhythmic provision of the production process with repair materials and other material and technical means.

The stable rhythm of the production of repaired machines is the repetition of the entire production process in the procurement, processing and assembly phases in all operations after a given period of time.

Rhythm is ensured by the proportionality of the production process and acts as a parameter that determines the level of organization of the production process, characterizes it by the number of objects released from repair per unit of time.

The general cycle of repair of objects for the enterprise is determined by the formula:

where w- manufacturing program, units

n sv - the number of pipes in the bundle

3.2.3 Construction of a schedule for the sequence and coordination of operations during repairs

The initial data for constructing a schedule for the coordination of repair work are: a sequential list of works (operations) that makes up the technological process of repairing tubing, consistent with the standard repair technology RD 39-1-592-81, indicating the norm of time (labor intensity) and the category for each work .

The number of workers for each operation in the calculation, as a rule, will not be a whole, therefore, when completing jobs, we select workers on the basis of similar jobs, close in category and taking into account the most complete load (underload is allowed up to 5%, and overload up to 15%).

We enter data on the formation of jobs in the appropriate columns of the linear schedule for coordinating operations.

The duration of each operation in the accepted scale
we put it on the graph in the form of a straight line segment, near which the number of the worker performing this work is indicated.

The schedule for the sequence and coordination of operations is presented on the fourth sheet of the graphic part of the graduation project.

After drawing up a schedule for the coordination of repair work, we measure the distance from the beginning of the first operation to the end of the last operation, thereby determining the duration of the object's stay in repair P = 178 minutes. It should be noted that when constructing a schedule for the sequence and coordinating operations, it was found that under the same production conditions it is realistic to set a work cycle of 55 minutes than to ensure the flow of production. If there is demand in the tubing repair market, this will correspond to a program of 25,950 pipes per year. Next, we determine the front of the repair.

The repair front is determined by the formula

F r d \u003d 178 / 179 \u003d 0.99 bundles, 12 pipes.

F r pr \u003d 178/55 \u003d 3.23 bundles, 39 pipes.

3.2.4 Calculation of the number of equipment and work stations

The amount of equipment is calculated in accordance with the technological process, the complexity of the work performed and the fund of time. Devices and equipment are completed without calculation, based on the conditions for performing all operations of the technological process.

Calculation of the amount of equipment for cleaning work

For external cleaning of the tubing, the number of machines is determined by the formula:

where F about - the annual fund of equipment time, taking into account shifts;
q m - productivity of the washing machine, units / h. q m = 6

K m - coefficient taking into account the use of the washing machine over time. K m \u003d 0.85

N m = 25950/1683 15 0.85 = 1.15 N nm pr = 1

Calculation of the number of stands for hydraulic testing of tubing.

The number of stands is determined by the formula:

where: N d - the number of tubing packages that are tested in the billing period;

t u - test time of a package of four pipes (taking into account installation work), h;

C \u003d 1.05 ... 1.1 - coefficient taking into account the possibility of repeated running-in and testing;

h c =0.9...0.95 - stands utilization factor.

According to the calculation, we accept one stand for hydraulic testing of pipes.

The test will be carried out on the original stand (Sheet 5 graph. part)

Calculation of the amount of equipment for dismantling and assembly work

Dismantling and assembly work at repair enterprises is carried out at stationary workplaces. The number of dismantling and assembly equipment with a stationary form of organization of work is determined by the formulas:

where T p, T c - labor intensity, respectively, of dismantling and restoration work for one repair performed on the equipment;

F d.o. - the actual annual fund of the operating time of this equipment, taking into account the shift, F d.o. = 1981 hours

N c \u003d 0.081 ∙ 25950 / 1981 \u003d 1.01 pcs.

We accept one coupling winding machine.

Calculation of workplaces for inspection and troubleshooting work

Racks, measuring tools and devices for flaw detection are used to perform the specified works during the repair of tubing.

The number of workplaces for defect detection is calculated by the formula:

where T def - the complexity of inspection and troubleshooting work for one repair;

P - the number of simultaneously working at one workplace (P = 1 person).

Accept 1 workplace, including 1 rack, its location will be associated with a cleaning machine.

The rest of the equipment at the coupling-winding, pressure testing and other areas is selected and accepted based on the technological need.

Calculation of handling equipment

The number of units of cyclic equipment (cranes, hoists, loaders, etc.) is determined by the annual or daily volume of transported goods for each cargo flow according to the formula:

N cr = G c K n T c /(60 F d.o. q K q K t), (3.14)

where G c is the daily volume of cargo transportation, i.e. (if we take into account that the mass of the pipe is about 40 kg, then we take G c = 0.04 t);

K h - coefficient taking into account the unevenness of the cargo flow (we accept for the section Kn = 1.2);

T c - the time of a full working cycle, i.e. the time of one lifting and transport operation (the time for transporting the bundle to the cleaning site, then to the machining site, screwing on the couplings, hydraulic testing and sending the finished product to the warehouse is 23 minutes);

F d.ob. - the actual daily fund of equipment operation time, taking into account the number of shifts, hours,

F d.ob. \u003d F d.o / K p \u003d 1683/307 \u003d 5.5 hours, (3.15)

where q is the carrying capacity of the equipment, t, (q = 0.5 t);

K q - coefficient of utilization of the carrying capacity of the equipment, (K q =0.8);

K t - coefficient of equipment utilization in time (K t = 0.85).

N cr \u003d 0.04 12 1.2 23 / (60 5.5 0.5 0.8 0.85) \u003d 0.118

We accept electric hoist TE 050-71120 OST22584-74 with a lifting capacity of 1 t as a lifting vehicle.

quantity 3 pcs.

3.2.5 Calculation of the area of the site for the repair of tubing.

The calculation will be made according to the floor area occupied by the equipment and according to the transition coefficients according to the formula:

F = ∑F 0 K, m 2 , (3.14)

where F 0 - area occupied by equipment, m 2

K - transition coefficient, taking into account working areas, passages (K \u003d 4) .

F \u003d 112.6 4 \u003d 450.4m 2

The area of the site for the repair of driving bridges is 460 m 2 . This means that there is no need for reconstruction of the site.

3.2.6 Site layout

The placement of equipment on the site is carried out in accordance with the scheme of the technological process of repairing the object: we indicate the external and internal walls, building columns, windows, gates, transport equipment, workbenches, racks, etc., passages and driveways. Technological equipment on the plan we depict with simplified contours, taking into account the extreme positions of the moving parts. The direction of the cargo flow using a lifting vehicle (PTS) should coincide with the course of the selected scheme, and the paths for moving goods should be the shortest and without crossing. The passages and location of the equipment should allow the operations of the technological process to be carried out, ensure the convenience of supplying the repaired object and cleaning the premises. When planning, it is necessary to rationally select the height of the site to accommodate lifting vehicles, utilities and other norms of distances between the elements of the site and equipment. We accept the following norms of distances between elements of buildings and equipment (in mm).

From the wall to the back of the equipment: 500 for equipment with dimensions up to 1000x800, 700 for equipment with dimensions up to 3000x1500;

Side of equipment: 500 when equipped with dimensions
up to 1000x800, 600 for equipment with dimensions up to 3000x1500;

Equipment front: 1200 for equipment with dimensions up to 3000x1500.

The norms of distances between tables and workbenches are as follows (in mm):

When placing tables in pairs along the front: 2000 - when equipped with dimensions up to 800x800, 2500 - when equipped with

dimensions up to 1500x1500.

Norms of distances between the wall and the stand (in mm): from 600 to 700 depending on the size of the stand and placement (from the side of the window or not). Norms of distances between the stands located "at the back of the head" - 1300. Between the back and sides 1500 ... 2000 with object sizes up to 800.

3.2.7 Calculation of the number of workers on the site.

The list number of working area is determined by the formula:

R list \u003d T total / F dt (3.15)

R list = 9659/1881 = 5 people.

The attendant number of workers is determined by the formula:

R yav \u003d T total / F ng (3.16)

P yav \u003d 9659 / 1981 \u003d 5 people,

where Ttot is the total annual volume of work, i.e. annual labor intensity of the main types of work, man-hours

T total \u003d T d + T st + T pp + T and, man-hours, (3.17)

where T d, T st, T pp, T and are the annual labor inputs of troubleshooting, machine, dismantling and assembly, test work, respectively, man-hours.

3.3 Aesthetic design of workplaces and site

The design of industrial aesthetics includes the design and improvement of the appearance and interiors of industrial and administrative buildings, the territory of the enterprise. Color finishing of the industrial interior - an integral part production environment, it is associated with the creation by architectural means of such a three-dimensional composition that corresponds to the production process. The right color scheme increases the efficiency of visual perception, which in turn reduces fatigue, improves orientation in the production area, sharpens the reaction to possible danger, reduces injuries and makes work enjoyable.

For painting large planes, we use light colors, for example, light blue, but not white, since this color creates discomfort, discomfort. The panels should not differ sharply from the top of the wall, as this visually reduces the height. We paint columns, trusses in the same color to reveal and emphasize the rhythm of these structural elements. The dimensions of openings, entrances, exits and driveways are indicated using yellow and black. Evacuation exits painted in bold colors.

Highway passages are highlighted in white, gray or black. The color of the equipment should stand out from the general background of the color of the room and, in addition, should provide optimal conditions workplace review. Elements building structures, intrashop transport, handling equipment, edges protective devices color yellow, used as a signal and careful action, warn of danger.

Fire fighting equipment (fire extinguishers, faucets, hoses)

paint them red and place them on a white background. We apply a symbolic image of what is prohibited or what is warned about on industrial signs and pointers.

3.4 Tubing repair technology in the designed area

When pipes are delivered for repair, the pipe is cleaned of contaminants at the cleaning stand, after which the pipe is defective and sent to the machining section, where the threads are repaired. After threading, the pipe is checked for material defects: cracks, abrasions, corrosive wear by non-destructive testing using a Dina-1 apparatus.

4 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT OF A STAND FOR TESTING TUBING WITH WATER

4.1 Rationale for the need to use test benches for tubing repair

Tubing pipes supplied for repair may have several types of defects, some of which are eliminated during the repair process, while others require rejection. To ensure guaranteed trouble-free operation of the pumping and compressor station, the pipes are further tested on a hydraulic stand.

The design of the stand for tubing pressure testing should have supports for fixing and holding the pipes under test, both for supporting the pipes on the stand and for filling them with the tested liquid, a frame for mounting engines and pumps, a box with hydraulic equipment, an expansion tank, a container for draining liquid from pipes after the test.

Work on the stand should be as mechanized and automated as possible, be safe, the design should be reliable, have acceptable dimensions and minimum cost.

4.2 Description of the current design for tubing testing.

IN this moment for testing tubing, a stand of the original design of JSC engineers is used. It provides all the requirements listed above, but has two significant shortcomings: engine oil is used as the working fluid poured into the pipe, while the typical tubing repair technology given in RD 39-1-592-81 provides for a water test, in connection with which claims from the customer are possible. Also, large labor costs during installation and connection of the tubing with the stand. The general view of the stand is shown in Figure 4.1

Figure 4.1 - Stand for testing tubing: 1 - oil bath, 2 - telescopic protective casing, 3 - plug, 4 - test pipe, 5 - oil bath truss, 6 - base plate, 7 - stand tilt hinge, 8 - stand tilt cylinder , 9,10 - hydraulic equipment box, 11 - expansion tank, 12 - filler plug, 13 - drain pipe, 14 - bleed valve, 15 - pressure gauge, 16 - drain pipe, 17 - control panel, 18 - manifold, 19 - supports pipes

Technical characteristics of the stand OIS-1

Booth type .................................................. ...................stationary

Overall dimensions, mm:

length................................................. ....................................14300 width............. ................................................. ...................950

height................................................. .................1950

Weight, kg ............................................... .................................2300

Power consumption, kW…………………………………5

Productivity, pcs/h……………………….……………8

The stand is mechanized, but some manual operations can be automated or mechanized. So, for example, valves (item 14) are used to bleed air when filling pipes, which increases the time the object is under repair, I suggest replacing them with bleed valves shown on the sheet (figure), in order to reduce the cost of the stand, the hydraulic circuit can be simplified without damage technological process.

To transfer tests to water, a stand is required that would create a working pressure of 30 MPa. There are water pumps that can achieve this, but their cost is an order of magnitude higher than their oil counterparts. In this regard, the following decision was made: To create pressure, an oil axial plunger pump will be used, and for testing pipes with water, a media separation device will be introduced into the circuit - a two-stroke hydraulic cylinder without a rod, which is also shown on the sheet.

In order to mechanize the pipe screwing onto the manifold and tightening the plug on the pipe during a hydraulic test, we propose to supplement the design of the stand with an end wrench (item sheet 6). This will significantly reduce the time of technological installation operations during pressure testing of tubing.

4.3 Description and principle of operation of the structure

This stand (see Fig. 4.1) is designed to reduce the labor intensity of work associated with pressure testing of tubing. The stand allows testing pipes in compliance with the required technological parameters.

The stand (see Fig.4.1) consists of a frame 6, on which a truss 5 is pivotally mounted, with an oil bath 1 mounted on it, hydraulic equipment cabinets 9, 10 and an expansion tank 11. There are rail tracks on the oil bath for sliding the telescopic protective casing 2 , on the hydraulic equipment box there are control devices 17, air bleed valves 14, a pressure gauge 15 and the so-called "Comb" - a high-pressure pipeline in the form of a four-tooth comb, on which the tested pipes 4 are mounted to communicate pressure to them working fluid. The entire stand is swayed by a hydraulic cylinder 8 around the hinge axis 7.

The principle of operation of the stand is as follows. 4 tubing pipes, with a sleeve wound on one side, are installed on supports 19 with the sleeve to the “comb”, at this time the stand has a horizontal orientation. The pipe is connected to the comb with a coupling (threaded connection), the other end of the pipe is closed with a plug. Tilt the stand counterclockwise (from the side of the view in Figure 4.1) and begin to fill the pipes with liquid, bleeding off the air with valves 14. After filling the pipes, close the valves, push the casing 2 apart and turn on the axial-plunger pump motor. The pipes are under pressure for 10 seconds, then the pump is turned off, valves 14 are opened, the casing is shifted and the presence of defects in the pipe thread - smudges is visually determined. With the help of pressure gauge 15, the pressure value is monitored, and if it deviates, the bypass valve is adjusted (Fig. 4.1, pos. 1).

Before testing, the pipe goes through a full cycle of repair, and is completed with a coupling, which, depending on the size of the pipe, is screwed on with a torque of 1500 or 2500 Nm. When pressure is applied to the pipe, it should not collapse, there should be no smudges in the threaded connections.

If leaks are found, the defective thread is cut off and a new one is cut, after which the pipe is again tested.

Test conditions:

Test pressure………………………..…………………300 atm
Test duration………………………………...10 s.

4.4 Engineering calculations of the proposed stand design

4.4.1 Selection of electric motor for turning device

The engine will operate in the mode of frequent starts, with a change in the applied torque to the shaft in the range from 0 to M max. It is advisable to use a squirrel-cage motor with normal slip. As a lowering device, we use the onboard gearbox of the Yenisei 1200 combine, the gear ratio i br of which is 19.6 units. To get an acceptable speed of the end head, we accept an engine with a shaft speed of 750 min -1. Then:

n 1 - the frequency of rotation of the motor shaft,

n 2 - end head rotation frequency

The required engine power will be:

where M nakr - the required moment of winding the plug and pipe, kg m.

We accept an engine of size AIR 132 M8, its technical characteristics:

Power: 7.5 kW

Weight: 60 kg.

The gearbox does not require strength calculation, as it is designed for torque transmission of about 2500 kg m.

4.4.2 Calculation of the end head shaft

The shaft is cantilevered on the gearbox shaft by means of connecting flanges, and transmits a torque of 1500 Nm to the plug nut, for unscrewing it is necessary to take a larger moment: k = 1.3

Shafts for strength are calculated by the formula:

where W is the moment of resistance in the dangerous section,

k 1 - torque increase factor during make-up

k 2 - safety factor

We build diagrams of the action of bending and torque and determine the dangerous section:

We accept a shaft diameter of 30 mm.

Check calculation of the shaft.

Stresses do not exceed 160 MPa, the shaft is selected correctly.

4.4.4 Calculation of the bearings of the support rollers of the turning device bogie

Rolling bearings are selected from the reference book for dynamic load rating and shaft diameter so that the tabular value of dynamic load rating (C T) is greater than the actual one.

The actual dynamic load rating is determined by the formula:

where a is the exponent equal to a=3 for ball bearings;

L - estimated resource in million revolutions;

Estimated resource L is determined by the formula:

where n is the shaft speed, (n = 1500 rpm);

L n - bearing life in hours.

The estimated resource of bearings, in machines operating intermittently, is: L n \u003d 2500 ... 10000 (hours) in the calculations we take 5000 (hours)

The reduced load P is determined depending on the type of bearings. Radial bearings take only radial load. The reduced load is determined by the formula:

K d - safety factor, taking into account the dynamic load;

K T - temperature coefficient, K T \u003d 1.25;

K K is a rotation coefficient equal to 1 when the inner ring rotates relative to the direction of the load.

We choose ball radial single-row bearings with protective washers (according to GOST 7242-81) size 303

4.5 Economic efficiency of design development

To assess the economic efficiency of structural development, it is necessary to calculate the cost of manufacturing the structure, the book value, the cost of a unit of repair and maintenance work, capital specific investments and specific reduced costs, the coefficient of the potential reserve of design efficiency, indicators of reducing labor intensity and increasing labor productivity, payback period of additional investments, annual savings or additional profit [20].

4.5.1 The cost of manufacturing the stand is determined by the formula:

C k \u003d C m + C p.d + C z.p. + С o.p, (4.12)

where C m - the cost of materials (main and auxiliary),

used in the manufacture of structures, rub.;

With p.d. - the cost of purchased parts, assemblies, assemblies, rubles;

With z.p. - wages with deductions for production workers,

employed in the manufacture and assembly of the structure, rub.;

C o.p . - overhead costs, rub.

4.5.1.1 The cost of basic materials is determined by the expression:

C m = ∑ Mi ∙ Qi, (4.13)

where Mi - mass of the consumed material of the i-th type, kg;

Qi - the price of 1 kg of material of the i-th type, rub.

The mass of the consumed material is determined by the formula:

where M g is the mass of the finished structure, kg;

A and n are constants, depending on the type of material of the part, the methods and methods of its manufacture, the presence of machining, etc.

Mass of material used:

for sheet metal Mg \u003d 1.20 * 126 0.98 \u003d 137 kg.

for round bars Mg=1.20*14 0.98=65.2 kg.

for the assortment corner, Mk \u003d 1.20 * 43 0.98 \u003d 47.86 kg.

for casting, ml=1.75*32 0.91=40.9 kg.

The level of prices for materials is taken at the actual costs of their purchase and delivery to the enterprise:

for sheet metal: Tsl=22 rub/kg,

for round bars: CC=23 rub/kg,

for assortment corner: Tsu=24 rub/kg,

for casting, Tsl=7.2 rub/kg.

cm=137*22+65.2*23+47.86*24+40.9*7.2=5956.7 rub.

4.5.1.2 The cost of purchased parts, units, assemblies Sp.d is determined at their purchase prices, taking into account delivery costs

An electric motor is purchased at a price of 16,500 rubles, an onboard gearbox at a price of 26,000, an end head at a price of 450 rubles, a ratchet-friction clutch at a price of 2,800 rubles.

With pd \u003d 16500 + 26000 + 450 + 2800 \u003d 45750 rubles.

4.5.1.3 Wages of production workers formula:

C zp \u003d C ozp + C dzp + C social, (4.15)

where С ozp - basic salary, rub;

With dzp - additional salary, rub.;

From social - deductions for social needs, rub.

The basic salary is determined by the formula:

С ozp \u003d (T from + T sb) ∙ С h, (4.16)

where T from - the complexity of manufacturing the elements of the product, 23 man-hours.

T sat - the complexity of the assembly, 7 man-hours;

C h - the hourly wage rate of workers, calculated according to the average category, rub. (121.15 rubles).

The complexity of the assembly of the structure is determined by the formula:

T sb = K s ∙ ∑t sb, (4.17)

Where K s- coefficient taking into account the ratio between the total and

operational build time = 1.08;

t sb - the complexity of the assembly of individual structural elements,

t sat = 1.09 man-hours

T sat \u003d 1.08 ∙ 1.09 \u003d 1.17 man-hours

C ozp \u003d (23 + 1.17) ∙ 121.15 \u003d 2928.19 rubles .

Additional salary With dzp is accepted in the amount of 5-12% of the basic salary.

With dzp \u003d 2928.19 * 0.05 \u003d 146.4 rubles.

Deductions for social needs With social are determined by the formula:

C soc \u003d K from ∙ (C ozp + C dzp), (4.18)

Where Cat - exclusion rate equal to 0.32

C social \u003d 0.32 ∙ (2928.19 + 146.4) \u003d 983.86 rubles.

With salary = 2928.19 + 146.4 + 983.86 = 4058.45 rubles.

4.5.1.4 General production costs are calculated by the formula:

C op \u003d R op * C o.s.p. / 100, (4.19)

where R op - percentage of overhead costs, 68%;

C op \u003d 68 * 2928.19 / 100 \u003d 1991.16 rubles.

As a result, we obtain that the cost of manufacturing a stand for hydraulic testing of tubing is:

C k \u003d 5956.7 + 45750 + 4058.45 + 1991.16 \u003d 57756.31 rubles.

4.5.2 Carrying value of manufactured structure

To determine the book value of the BP structure, we add to the costs of its manufacture the costs of installation and installation in the amount of 10% i.e.

B p \u003d 1.1 * Sk, rub., (4.20)

B b \u003d 1.1 * 125000 \u003d 137500 rubles.

B p \u003d 1.1 * 57756.31 \u003d 63532 rubles.

where C to - construction costs, rub.

4.5.2.1 Labor remuneration is calculated according to the formula:

C zp \u003d C ozp + C dzp + C social (4.21)

The basic salary is determined by the formula:

where C i - hourly tariff rate of the i-th category, rub.;

A i - the number of employees paid according to the i-th category, people;

Y - rhythm of performances, pcs/h.

The Y value is calculated by the formula:

where A is the number of workers employed in the operation, people;

T ud - the labor intensity of a unit of production (work),

person∙h/piece

for the base version:

Y b \u003d (6 / 4.6) * 6 \u003d 7.8 pieces / h.

With o.s.b. = 121.15 * 3 / 7.8 = 46.59 rubles.

With d.z.b. \u003d 10 46.59 / 100 \u003d 4.66 rubles.

C social \u003d 0.26 (46.59 + 4.66) \u003d 13.325 rubles,

With z.p. \u003d 46.59 + 4.66 + 13.325 \u003d 64.57 rubles.

for the design option:

Y p \u003d (6 / 4.6) * 12 \u003d 15.6 pieces / h.

With oz.p. \u003d 121.15 * 3 / 15.6 \u003d 23.29 rubles.

With d.z.p. \u003d 10 23.29 / 100 \u003d 2.33 rubles.

With social \u003d 0.26 (23.29 + 2.33) \u003d 6.66 rubles,

With z.p. \u003d 1071 + 107.1 + 306.3 \u003d 32.28 rubles.

4.5.2.2 Depreciation deductions will be determined by the formula:

A = B∙a / 100∙Q , (4.24)

for the base version:

A b \u003d (137500 19) / (100 8000) \u003d 3.265 rubles.

for the design option:

And p \u003d (63532 ∙ 19) / (100 ∙ 16000) \u003d 0.754 rubles,

Since, according to the enterprise, the annual program for the repair of tubing is Q = 8000 units / year.

4.5.2.3 Costs for repair and maintenance of the stand:

are calculated similarly to depreciation charges based on the book value according to the formula:

R \u003d B ∙ r / 100 ∙ Q, (4.25)

where r is the rate of deductions for repairs, rubles;

for the base version:

R b \u003d (137500 8) / (100 8000) \u003d 1.374 rubles.

for the design option:

R p \u003d (63532 ∙ 8) / (100 ∙ 16000) \u003d 0.317 rubles,

4.5.2.4 The unit cost of repair work is determined as the sum of the terms found:

I \u003d C w.p. + A + P, (4.26)

for the base version:

And b \u003d 64.57 + 3.265 + 1.374 \u003d 69.209 rubles.

for the design option:

And p \u003d 32.28 + 0.754 + 0.317 \u003d 33.35 rubles.

K beats \u003d B / Q, (4.27)

for the base version:

K ud.b \u003d 137500/8000 \u003d 17.18 rubles.

for the design option:

To ud. n \u003d 63532/16000 \u003d 3.97 rubles.

4.5.4 Specific reduced costs are calculated as:

I \u003d I + E n K beats, (4.28)

for the base version:

I b \u003d 69.209 + 0.12 17.18 \u003d 71.27 rubles / piece

for the design option:

I p \u003d 33.35 + 0.12 3.97 \u003d 33.82 rubles / piece

4.5.5 The calculation of the coefficient of the potential reserve of the design efficiency is carried out in the following order:

We calculate the specific reduced costs per hour of work for the basic and designed options using the formula:

I h \u003d I Y, (4.29)

for the base version:

I b.w. \u003d 71.27 7.8 \u003d 555.9 rubles / h.

for the design option:

I h.p \u003d 33.82 15.6 \u003d 527.59 rubles / h.

4.5.6 Determine the efficiency limit of the device by the ratio of operation rhythms:

G e \u003d I h.p / I h.b. , (4.30)

G e \u003d 71.27 / 33.82 \u003d 1.88

4.5.7 Let's calculate the actual ratio of operation rhythms:

In f = Y p./Y b., (4.31)

V f \u003d 15.6 / 7.8 \u003d 2

4.5.8 Determine the coefficient of potential efficiency reserve:

K r.e \u003d (V f - G e) / G e, (4.32)

K r.e \u003d (2-1.88) / 0.9 \u003d 0.13

The calculated coefficient is comparable with the normative one. Normative coefficient К r.e.n = 0.1. We conclude that the event is in the zone of sufficient efficiency, it can be implemented in production.

The data obtained is summarized in a table.

Table 4.1 - Economic efficiency of constructive development

Name of indicator	original version	design option

1. Book value, rub.
2. Annual volume of repair work, pcs.
3. Labor intensity per unit of work volume, man-hour
4. Indicator of labor intensity reduction, %
5. Indicator of labor productivity growth, times
6. The cost of a unit of volume of work, rub / piece
7. Specific investment, rub/piece
8. Savings from cost reduction, rub.
9. Specific reduced costs, rub/h

Continuation of table 4.1

When calculating the economic efficiency of constructive development, book value this device is 63532 rubles. With an annual volume of work increased by 50%, the indicators of reducing labor intensity amounted to 25%. Labor productivity has doubled. Potential efficiency reserve coefficient 0.13.

4.6 Safety instructions

the stand must be operated in accordance with the requirements of the “Safety Rules and industrial sanitation for repair companies.
maintenance: lubricate the moving parts of CILTIN - 201 according to GOST 6267 - 74.
to improve storage, cover unpainted surfaces according to protection option 133 - GOST 6267 - 74.

5 TECHNOLOGICAL PART OF THE PROJECT

Our graduation project proposes the restoration of a replaceable pipe, because during operation, the thread that serves as the connection between the tubing and the test stand manifold is subjected to the greatest wear.

For restoration, it is proposed to apply surfacing with 51KhFA wire in a carbon dioxide environment using the UD-209A installation.

5.1 Initial data for the restoration of worn threads of the collector nozzle

Figure 5.1 - Sketch of the nozzle of the test stand with the dimensions of the restored surface 1.

The branch pipe is sent for repair according to its condition, when a leak occurs, deformation as a result of blows against the pipe.

We propose to restore the branch pipe by surfacing material and subsequent machining.

5.2 Choice of welding mode in carbon dioxide environment

The choice of surfacing mode is made according to and .

Electrode wire diameter - 1.2 mm;

The hardness of the deposited layer HRC 52 ... 55;

Current: reverse polarity, value - 60 ... 65 A;

Voltage: 14V;

Caliper feed - 1.2 mm / rev;

Consumption of carbon dioxide - 8 l / min;

Gas pressure - 0.12 MPa;

Wire feed speed (m/h):

where k -------- coefficient overlays (8 g/Ah);

I - reverse polarity current, A;

d is the diameter of the electrode wire, mm;

The density of the wire material (7.5 g / cm 3);

m/h, accept 57 m/h.

Surfacing speed (m/h):

where is the coefficient of transition of the electrode material into the deposited material (0.9);

h is the thickness of the deposited layer, mm;

S - surfacing step, mm/rev;

a is a coefficient that takes into account the deviation of the actual cross-sectional area of the layer from the area of a quadrilateral with a height h (a = 0.9);

Machine spindle speed (min -1):

where D is the diameter of the welded part, mm;

The value of the longitudinal feed (surfacing pitch) is taken equal to 0.8 mm.

regular time

T in \u003d 1.8 min;

T d = 0.34 min;

T w \u003d 14.06 + 1.8 + 0.34 \u003d 16.2 min

5.3 Calculation of allowances

The procedure for calculating processing allowances and limit sizes for technological transitions and technological operations

Using the working drawing of the part and the map of the technological process of mechanical processing, write down the processed elementary surfaces of the workpiece and the technological transitions of processing in the order of the sequence of their execution for each elementary surface from the rough workpiece to final processing

Write values:

R Zi -1 height of irregularities obtained after the previous technological operation, µm;

T i -1 - depth of the defective layer, microns;

p i -1 - spatial error formed during the previous transition, microns;

Installation error, microns. When basing workpieces of the “round rods” type in the centers, the error in the radial direction is zero, the error manifests itself when the “centers settle”, i.e. when processing the end surfaces of the shaft.

Residual spatial deviations on machined surfaces that had initial deviations are the result of copying errors during processing. The magnitude of these deviations both depends on the regime conditions of processing, and on the parameters characterizing the rigidity of the technological system and the mechanical properties of the material being processed. When performing graduation projects, an empirical dependence is used to determine the intermediate values of machining allowances:

ρ rest = ρ zag ∙K y, (5.6)

where ρ ost is the spatial error caused by intermediate surface treatment, microns;

ρ zag - spatial error of the workpiece, microns

K y - form refinement factor;

K y \u003d 0.05 - for semi-finishing grinding;

K y \u003d 0.04 - for fine grinding.

Determine the calculated values of the minimum processing allowances for all technological transitions.

Write down for the final transition in the column "Calculated size" the smallest limit size of the part according to the drawing.

For the transition preceding the final one, determine the calculated size by adding to the smallest limit size according to the drawing the calculated allowance Z min.

Consistently determine the calculated dimensions for each previous transition by adding the calculated allowance Z min to the calculated size of the adjacent adjacent transition following it

Write down the smallest limit sizes for all technological transitions, rounding them up with an increase in the calculated sizes;

rounding to the same decimal point with which the size tolerance is given for each transition.

Determine the largest size limit by adding the tolerance to the rounded smallest size limit.

Tolerance values are accepted according to the tables, depending on the diameter of the surface to be treated and its quality.

Record the limit values of the allowances z„ as the difference between the largest limit sizes and Zmin as the difference between the smallest limit sizes of the previous and performed transitions.

Name of TO and TP

Allowance elements, microns

Limit values, mm

Limit allowances

Billet (after surfacing)

Threading

Table 5.1 - Chart for calculating allowances

Spatial error is calculated by the formula:

The amount of allowances is calculated by the formula:

5.4 Calculation of cutting conditions

Cutting conditions are understood as the following parameters: depth of cut, number of passes, feed and cutting speed. Cutting conditions, based on the properties of the workpiece and tool materials, the geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tools and the period of tool life, the quality indicators of the machined surfaces of the part and the technological capabilities of the equipment used. To calculate cutting conditions, the passport data of the 9M14 machine are used.

The depth of cut should be taken equal to the machining allowance for this operation. If the allowance cannot be removed in one pass, the number of passes should be as small as possible. When finishing grinding (up to the 5th class of surface roughness), the cutting depth is taken within 0.5. . .2 mm. To obtain a 6 ... 7th class of surface roughness during grinding, the depth of cut is assigned within 0.1. . .0.4 mm.

After setting the depth of cut, you should select the maximum technologically acceptable feed (taking into account the roughness class of the machined surface, the power and strength of the machine, the rigidity of the workpiece and the strength of the cutter). Work with feeds that are less than the maximum technologically permissible unproductive. In finishing, the feed is usually limited by the surface roughness class of the machined part.

The cutting speed assignment is made after the depth of cut and feed are selected. The cutting speed (m/min) is calculated by the formula

m/min, (5.9)

or determined from reference tables, taking into account all necessary correction factors. Based on the calculated cutting speed, the estimated speed of the machine spindle (or workpiece) is determined.

n=1000*V/p*D rpm, (5.10)

According to the calculated rotational speed n p, the nearest lower or equal spindle speed is determined, which is available in the machine's passport (actual speed). Then calculate the cutting speed (m/min)

The selected cutting mode is checked by power.

N P ≤N w = N M ή , (5.11)

The power expended for cutting must be less than or equal to the power on the spindle.

If the calculated cutting power is greater than the power on the spindle, then the cutting speed must be reduced.

The minute feed is determined by the formula:

Sm \u003d n * So, mm / min, (5.12)

where So - feed per revolution of the product or tool, mm / rev;

l - length of the surface area being processed, drawing size, mm;

L is the length of the working stroke, taking into account the infeed and overrun of the cutting tool, mm;

T - tool life;

The number of passes depends on the depth of cut, if the depth of cut is more than 2 mm, then the number of passes increases to 2 and so on.

Cutting speed Vp

n p - is found by the formula:

V p - is found by the formula:

where n p - passport revolutions of the machine.

S min - is calculated by the formula:

S min \u003d S pass * n pass, (5.15)

T o - is calculated by the formula:

T d - is calculated by the formula:

T pcs - is calculated by the formula:

T pcs \u003d T o + T in + T d, (5.18)

Vertical cutting force:

P z \u003d 10C p ts 0.75 N, (5.19)

Cutting power:

kW., (5.20)

The design power must satisfy the requirement

Cutting conditions are given in table 5.2.

Table 5.2 - Cutting conditions

TO or TP

IT qualification

T, min min.

Cutting speed, m/min

S min mm/min

Chamfering

Cutting

6 Labor protection

6.1 Description of the new stand design

Improvement of the stand for pressure testing of tubing (tubing) relates to the mechanization of repair production and is aimed at reducing the technological time for performing operations. When upgrading the machine (see Fig. 4.1), its design will be supplemented with a 10 kW motor (pos. 22), a planetary gearbox (pos. 23), and trolleys for moving the mechanism (pos. 24). It is important to note that the cantilever shaft with socket head will be open, and this requires new conditions safe work.

Due to the presence of electrical equipment on the stand, it becomes necessary to ground the stand, which will require calculation. When drawing up the safety requirements, new elements of the design of the pressure test stand were taken into account.

6.2 Analysis of the state of labor protection during the work of the tubing pressure test area

The system of colors for painting objects, site equipment and safety signs has a direct importance to ensure safe work. For example, when pipes are being pressure tested, a warning panel lights up and a signal sounds.

6.3 Analysis of the state of labor protection when working on a pressure test bench

At the site for pressure testing of tubing pipes, the repaired pipes are tested by injecting water into them. To do this, a pipe with a coupling screwed onto it is mounted on a stand, connected by a coupling to a four-pipe manifold, and muffled from the other side. Controlled parameters and controls to ensure technical security on the stand are presented on sheet 5 of the graphic part of the graduation project. When designing this stand, sound, light alarms and a protective casing of pipes during pressure testing are provided. Combined lighting: there are lamps providing illumination of 730 lux, which complies with the norms of SNiP 23-05-95. The share of daylight is insignificant, since the window openings are small, and the stand is located in the central part of the building.

When the pressure test stand is operating, the pressure sensor in the working hydraulic line of the stand sends a signal to the signal control unit and the light display, a signal known to the personnel sounds, and the “CAUTION, PRESSING” display lights up.

6.4 Instructions for labor protection when working on an improved stand for pressure testing tubing

In the section "Design development" (sheet 6 of the graphic part) is presented general form stand for pressure testing of tubing. In connection with the improvement and refinement of the stand, as well as the installation of additional equipment on it, it became necessary to increase safety requirements when working on the stand.

6.4.1 General safety requirements

The worker must perform only those operations that are indicated in the technological maps for the repair of tubing.

The worker is prohibited from: touching the electrical wiring or housings of running electric motors, hydraulic lines under pressure; stand under the load and in the way of its movement; smoking, eating, drinking at the workplace. Smoking is allowed only in

specially designated places.

It is necessary to know and apply ways to eliminate dangers and provide assistance to the victim.

6.4.2 Safety requirements before starting work

Before starting work, you must: put on and fasten overalls, protective mask, (GOST 12.5.48 - 83 SSBT), so that there are no hanging ends, the hair is matched under the headdress. Check the grounding of the electric motors, the serviceability of the emergency shutdown unit of the stand, the integrity of the drive (according to GOST 12.1.009 - 89), check the serviceability of the control mechanisms, high pressure pipelines and their fastening, the absence of oil leaks at the joints, the completeness of fire extinguishing equipment, medical kits.

6.4.3 Safety requirements during work

Installation of pipes should be carried out only with special tools: pipe wrenches and wrenches. The tool must be serviceable and clean, it is not allowed to work with keys, the head of a screw driver with worn pipe grippers, notches, or soiled with oil. It is forbidden to leave things and tools on the winder, rotate or stop the power shaft by hand. Before turning on the stand, make sure that the start-up does not threaten anyone. To check the tightness of the pipe and connections only through the viewing windows in the telescopic casing. Only twist the pipe and coupling after the high pressure pump has been switched off.

During work it is forbidden: to be by unauthorized persons on the site; leave the workplace; eat at work.

Adjustment and troubleshooting during the operation of the stand is not

6.4.4 Safety requirements in emergency situations

When extraneous noise, the smell of burning, smoke, detection

malfunctions, sparking of electrical equipment, heating of electrical equipment and other malfunctions, you must immediately stop the stand and call an engineer to identify the malfunction.

In case of fire in the electrical part of the stand, immediately turn off

electricity, sound an alarm and start extinguishing.

In case of injury, take measures to provide first aid.

6.4.5 Safety requirements at the end of work

Upon completion of work, remove the pipes from the stand and remove the working

place, de-energize the electric drive and close the hydraulic valve. Tidy up your workspace. Report to the head of work on all violations of the functioning of the stand, which are identified in the course of work, as well as on the measures taken to eliminate them. Put the overalls in storage. Wash hands and face with warm soapy water and take a shower.

5 Grounding calculation

Let's calculate the combined charger for the crimping section of 0.4 kV. At the same time, we accept: an open circuit of the memory, as a vertical electrode - a corner with a width bV= 16 mm; V= 50 m, horizontal electrode - SG= 40 mm 2; d d = 12 mm.

Initial data: Rocky soil, H 0 = 5 m, lWHO= 15 km, lcab= 60 km, nV= 6 pcs, lV= 2.5 m, A c = 5 m, Re= 15 Ohm.

Calculation:

Rated earth fault current:

where U l - linear voltage of the network, kV;

l cab - total length of cable lines connected to the network, km;

l woz - the total length of power lines connected to the network, km.

Determination of the design soil resistivity:

where r tab. \u003d 700 Ohm × m - measured soil resistivity (from Table 6.3 for rocky soil);

y=1.3 - climatic coefficient, adopted according to the table. 6.4 for rocky ground.

Determining the need for an artificial ground electrode and calculating its required resistance.

The resistance of the memory R c n is selected from the table. 6.7 depending on U power plant and r calc at the place of construction of the storage device, as well as the neutral mode of the given electrical network:

Re> Rhn, Þ artificial grounding is required. Its required grounding:

Determining the length of horizontal electrodes for an open circuit memory:

where a in - the distance between the vertical electrodes n in.

Calculated value of vertical electrode resistance:

The calculated value of the resistance of the horizontal electrode according to the formula:

Utilization factors for vertical and horizontal electrodes according to Table. 6.9 are equal: h in \u003d 0.73, h g \u003d 0.48.

Estimated resistance of a group ground electrode:

R > RAnd, so we increase the number of electrodes

Accept n = 25, lG = 125 m, RG = 17,2 Ohm

According to the table 6.9 hV = 0,63, hG =0,32, R = 15.84, R > R u

nV = 45, lG= 225 m, RG= 10.3 ohms

According to the table 6.9 hV = 0,58, hG = 0,29, R= 10.8 ohms

RTo = Re× R/(Re + R) Rmh, (6.8)

Where Rl= 15×10.8/(15+10.8) = 6.27 ohms 6.3 ohms

R e- natural resistance, Ohm;

R and- resistance of the artificial ground electrode, Ohm;

R to- total resistance of the combined charger, Ohm;

hV, hG- coefficient of use of vertical and horizontal electrodes;

and in- distance between electrodes, m;

l in- length of electrodes, m;

n in- the number of vertical electrodes.

Figure 6.1 - Vertical Figure 6.2 - Location

electrode electrodes

7 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT OF ORGANIZING THE REPAIR OF TUBING

The economic evaluation of design solutions for improving the technology and organization of the production process in the area is carried out on the basis of a comparison of the performance of the enterprise with the existing organization of production and the projected one.

7.1 Initial data

For economic calculations, it is necessary to have initial data, namely: the availability of fixed production assets of the unit and the book value; the volume of repair and maintenance work performed during the year; number of site personnel, incl. production workers; labor costs of production workers per year; material and monetary costs for the unit; data on sales volumes of repair products by types; data on sales prices, on the amount of factory (general) and non-production expenses.

The above data are given in the first chapter of the settlement and explanatory note of the graduation project - the organizational and economic characteristics of the LLC

7.2 Calculation of unit cost of repair products

Based on the total amount of repair work performed and the amount of material and monetary costs, we calculate the cost of a unit of repair products, i.e. one conditional repair. Shop cost is determined by the formula:

At repair enterprises, shop and C, factory I W and full I P prime costs are calculated, taking into account factory costs C O.X and non-production costs C V.P, attributed to repair products:

I Z \u003d I C + C OX /N, (7.2)

I P \u003d I Z + C VP / N, (7.3)

where C z.p - wages of production workers with deductions;

With z.h - the cost of spare parts;

C p - the cost of repair materials;

C coop - the cost of paying for components and assemblies repaired in the order of cooperation on the side (C coop = 0);

C op - general production (shop) overheads;

N - the amount of repair work performed, N p \u003d N b \u003d 8000 pcs. The wages of production workers are found from the expression:

Sz.p \u003d Sch (1 + Kd) (1 + Kot) Zt.b, (7.4)

where C h is the hourly wage rate of a worker, C h \u003d 121.15 rubles;

K d - accrual ratio additional salary, K d = 0.5;

K from - coefficient of deductions for social needs, K from = 0.321;

Z t.b. - labor costs of production workers, man-h.

Labor costs for the site:

Z t.b \u003d A F g, (7.5)

where A is the number of workers employed at the site, A = 6 people;

W t.b \u003d 6 1981 \u003d 11886 man-hours

With z.p.b \u003d 121.15 (1 + 0.25) (1 + 0.321) 11886 \u003d 647207.4 rubles.

The cost of spare parts (couplings) and repair materials.

The cost of spare parts and repair materials is:

With s.ch.b = 117360 rub., With r.b. = 2416239 rub.

General production (shop) overheads:

With op.b = 324467 rubles.

And c.b = (647207.4 + 2416239 + 117360 + 324467) / 8000 = 438.5 rubles / piece.

7.3 Calculation of indicators of labor intensity of products and labor productivity

The labor intensity of production (repair of one tubing) is taken from the linear graph (graph of the sequence and coordination of operations during the repair of tubing).

T sp.b = 0.37 man-hours / piece.

Labor productivity indicator

P t.b \u003d 1 / T ud.b, (7.6)

P t.b \u003d 1 / 0.37 \u003d 2.703 pieces / man-hour

7.4 Calculation of project economics

Having the necessary data obtained for the enterprise, we proceed to the calculation of project economic indicators.

7.4.1 Cost of fixed assets

C o.f.p = C o.f.b.uch + ∆K ob + ∆K u + B p, (7.7)

where С f.b.uch is the cost of fixed production assets of the site according to the base case (for the entire enterprise С f.b. to the whole enterprise, C f.b.uch \u003d 40780000 * 0.05 \u003d 2039000 rubles);

B p - book value of constructive development, B p = 63532 rubles (see Table 7);

∆К and - additional capital investments in instruments, rub;

∆К about - additional capital investments in equipment, rub;

∆ K OB = B OB - B ’OB, (7.8)

where B OB is the book value of the purchased equipment together with the costs of transportation and installation, B OB = 158,000 rubles;

B 'OB - the book value of the equipment to be replaced, 25,500 rubles.

∆ K OB \u003d 158000 - 25500 \u003d 132500 rubles.

∆ K I \u003d K I + K 'I, (7.9)

where K I - the cost of the purchased instruments, K U = 12,000 rubles;

K I - book value of the replaced instrument, rub.

Because there is no replaceable tool, then ∆ K I \u003d 12000 rubles.

C f.p. = 2039000+132500+12000+63532=2223690 rub.

7.4.2 Calculation of the cost of repairs

7.4.2.1 Annual wage bill of production workers

C s.p.p = C h (1+K d) (1+K ot) ∙ Zt.p, (7.10)

where C h is the hourly wage rate of a worker, C h = 121.15 rubles;

K d - coefficient of accrual of additional wages, K d \u003d 0.12;

K from - the coefficient of deductions for social needs, Kot=0.321;

3 etc. - labor costs of production workers, man-h.

Labor costs for the site:

Z t.p \u003d A F g, (7.11)

where A is the number of workers employed at the site, A = 6 people;

F g - the annual fund of the working time of the site, F g \u003d 1981 h.

W t.p = 6 1981 = 11886 man-hours

With z.p.p = 121.15 (1 + 0.12) (1 + 0.321) 11886 = 2130492 rubles.

7.4.2.2 Cost of spare parts and repair materials.

With s.p.p =h sp N, (7.12)

With r.m.p. = h rm N, (7.13)

where h Z.P. , h R.M - specific consumption of costs for one repair, respectively, with the use of spare parts and repair materials, rub.

With a salary = 280 16,000 = 2,240,000 rubles.

With r.m.p. \u003d 32 16000 \u003d 256000 rubles.

7.4.2.3 General production shop costs

According to the norms depreciation charges we calculate the depreciation according to the fixed assets, while only a part of the cost of the enterprise's buildings (namely, the site under consideration for the repair of tubing), proportional to the share of the area occupied by this site, is taken into account.

Let's set the proportionality coefficient:

K pr \u003d S uch / S total, (7.14)

where S uch - the area occupied by the site, S uch =460 m 2;

S total - area industrial buildings, S total =9200 m 2 ;

K pr \u003d 460/9200 \u003d 0.05

Calculate depreciation for buildings, where a = 5%:

A 3D \u003d 2039000 0.05 \u003d 101950 rubles, 24468

Depreciation rates for equipment and tools: A about \u003d 6164.51 rubles, A in \u003d 1378.7 rubles. Then the general production costs of the site are calculated by the formula:

S O.P.P \u003d A ZD + A 0B + A IN + R OB + R ZD + R IN + R E + R B + R OT + R ZP + R PR, (7.15)

where R OB, R ZD, R IN, R E, R B, R OT, R ZP, R PR - the cost of repair and maintenance of equipment, buildings, tools, the cost of el. energy, water, heating, payroll fund with deductions for engineers, auxiliary workers, UPC and MOS, other expenses, respectively.

At the enterprise, the following cost rates for the repair of drive axles were obtained:

R OB \u003d 11011 rubles, R E \u003d 25954 rubles,

R ZD \u003d 40729 rubles, R B \u003d 15289 rubles,

R IN \u003d 1969 rubles, R OT \u003d 38750 rubles,

R ZP = 397922 rubles, R PR = 3396 rubles.

Then we get:

C opp =24468+6164.51+1378.7+11011+40729+1969+397922+25954+

15289+38750+3396=567031 rub.

7.4.2.4 Calculation of unit cost of repair products

Cost per site

I c.p = (C c.p.p + C c.ch.p + C r.p + C coop.p + C op.p)/N p, (7.16)

And c.p = (483892 + 717000 + 329250 + 0 + 567031) / 16000 = 131.07 rubles / piece.

The factory cost of a unit of repair products is determined by the formula:

I z.p \u003d I c.p + C oh.p / N p, (7.17)

where С х - general business expenses of the site, we determine by the formula:

C o.p = R ox C n.p ∙Z t.p /100, (7.18)

where R ox is the percentage of general business expenses, R ox \u003d 14%,

С х \u003d 14 45 65.3 / 100 \u003d 411.54 rubles.

And z.p = 131.07 + 411.54 / 1 = 542.61 rubles / piece.

Full cost:

I p.p \u003d I c.p + C vp / N p, (7.19)

where C vp - non-production costs, we determine by the formula:

C vpp \u003d And zpp N p. R vp / 100, (7.20)

where R vn is the percentage of non-production costs (according to the enterprise R VN \u003d 1.26%) to the factory cost.

C runway = 542.68 16000 1.26 / 100 = 109404.28 rubles,

And pp \u003d 542.68 + 109404.28 / 16000 \u003d 549.52 rubles / unit.

Table 7.1 - General production costs for the section for the repair of tubing, thousand rubles

Expenditure	Options
Expenditure	original	projected
Depreciation deductions: by building by equipment by instruments

Repair and maintenance costs: equipment tools
Electricity costs
Water costs, steam
Heating and lighting costs
Payroll fund with deductions for engineers, auxiliary workers, UPC and MOS
other expenses

7.5 Economic evaluation of the project

The economic evaluation of the project is based on a comparison of the performance of the site with the existing production technology and the projected one.

7.5.1 Specific capital investments

K beats \u003d C o.f / N, (7.21)

where C o.f - the cost of fixed production assets, thousand rubles;

N - annual volume of repair work, pcs.

K ud.b \u003d 2039000/8000 \u003d 254.875 rubles / piece;

K ud.p \u003d 2223690 / 16000 \u003d 138.98 rubles / pc.

7.5.2 Unit present costs

J \u003d I c + E n K beats, (7.22)

where And c - the cost of a unit of repair products, rubles / piece;

E n \u003d 0.12 - the standard coefficient of efficiency of capital investments.

J b \u003d 549.52 + 0.12 254.875 \u003d 579.48 rubles / piece;

J p \u003d 556.35 + 0.12 138.98 \u003d 565.67 rubles / piece

Because J 6 > J

7.5.3 Calculation of the potential efficiency reserve ratio

7.5.3.1 Rhythms of repair production

Y \u003d A / T total, (7.23)

where A is the number of employees employed in the operation, hours,

T total - the labor intensity of a unit of repair production, man-hours / piece.

The complexity of work T total on the site:

T GENERAL \u003d ∑ T i , man-hours / pcs. (7.24)

T total b \u003d 0.72 man-hour / piece.

T total p \u003d 0.36 man-hours / piece

Y b \u003d A b / T total b \u003d 5 / 12.03 \u003d 1.35 pieces / h.

Y p \u003d A p / T total p \u003d 4 / 11.62 \u003d 2.73 pieces / h.

7.5.3.2 Unit present costs per hour of work

I H \u003d J Y, (7.25)

I BW \u003d 579.48 1.35 \u003d 782.29 rubles / h,

I PE \u003d 565.67 2.73 \u003d 1544.27 rubles / h.

7.5.3.3 Project efficiency frontier.

Г e \u003d I chp / I chb, (7.26)

G e \u003d 1544.27 / 782.29 \u003d 1.974

7.5.3.4 Actual ratio of production rhythms

V f \u003d Y p / Y B, (7.27)

V f \u003d 2.73 / 1.35 \u003d 2.02

7.5.3.5 Potential headroom ratio

K RE \u003d (V f - G e) / G e, (7.28)

K RE \u003d (2.02-1.974) / 1.974 \u003d 0.1

Since K RE > K RE.N (K RE.N = 0.1 standard), the projected option can be introduced into production for economic reasons.

7.5.4 Labor intensity of a unit of repair products.

T ud.p \u003d W t.p / N p, (7.29)

T sp.b \u003d 9905/8000 \u003d 1.23 man-hours / piece

T ud.p \u003d 11886/16000 \u003d 0.74 man-hours / piece.

7.5.5 Labor reduction rate

C 1 \u003d (T udb - T udp) / (T udb) 100, (7.30)

C 1 \u003d (1.23-0.74) / 0.74 100 \u003d 66.2%

7.5.6 Labor productivity growth rate

C 2 \u003d T ud.B / T ud.p, (7.31)

C 2 \u003d 1.23 / 0.74 \u003d 1.66 times

7.5.7 Payback period for additional capital investments

T o \u003d (K ud.p - K ud.b) / (I B - I P), (7.32)

T o \u003d (254.85-247.932-) / (556.35-549.52) \u003d 1 year

7.5.8 Economic efficiency ratio of additional capital investments

E \u003d 1 / T o \u003d 1/1 \u003d 1, (7.33)

7.5.9 Annual savings from reducing the cost of repair products

E g \u003d (I B - I p) N p, pyb (7.34)

E g \u003d (556.35-549.53) 16000 \u003d 109120 rubles.

7.5.10 Calculation of additional indicators

The repair cost of one tubing, according to JSC data, is Tsr = 841 rubles.

7.5.10.1 Profit from product sales

P \u003d R-C "p, (7.35)

where R is the proceeds from the sale of all products, rubles;

C "r.p - the cost of all products sold, rub.

R \u003d C p N, (7.36)

Rb \u003d 841 8000 \u003d 6728000 rubles,

R p \u003d 841 16000 \u003d 13456000 rubles,

C "r.p \u003d N I c, (7.37)

C "r.p. b \u003d 8000 556.35 \u003d 4,450,000 rubles,

C "r.p. p \u003d 16000 549.52 \u003d 8,792,320 rubles.

P b \u003d 6,728,000-4,450,000 \u003d 2,278,000 rubles;

P p \u003d 13456000-8792320 \u003d 4,663,680 rubles.

7.5.10.2 Level of profitability

U p \u003d P 100 / C "r.p.,% (7.38)

U p .b \u003d 2278000 100 / 4450000 \u003d 51.19%

U p .p \u003d 4663680 100 / 8792320 \u003d 53.04%

The calculation results are presented in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2 - Economic efficiency of the project of technology and organization of production at the site for the repair of tubing

Table 7.2 continued


Number of production workers, pers.
Annual volume of repair work, pcs.
Labor intensity per unit of work, man-hours
Labor intensity reduction indicator, %
Unit cost of repair products, rub./pc.
Specific capital investments per unit of repair products, rub./pc.
Specific reduced costs, rub./pc.
Payback period for additional capital investments, years
Annual savings from cost reduction, RUB
Revenue from the sale of marketable products, rub
Profitability level, %
Rhythm of repair production, pcs/h
Project efficiency potential reserve ratio

Conclusion: As a result of designing a site for the repair of tubing at the OJSC enterprise, economic results, which show that the cost of conditional repairs decreased from 556.35 rubles. up to 549.52 rubles. The profit from reducing the cost of repairs is 109 thousand rubles per year, and the payback period for additional capital investments is 1 year. The coefficient of the potential efficiency reserve, equal to 0.1, is equal to the standard, so it is advisable to introduce the project into production.

Conclusion

Based on the completed graduation project on the topic: “Improving the technological process of repairing tubing in JSC, we can conclude that the goal of graduation design has been achieved. As a result, the following indicators have been increased:

The organization and technology of repair of medium bridges at the enterprise has been improved due to the rational distribution of operations between the links and their coordination with the cycle of production of the repair base, the introduction of progressive forms and methods of repair.
The proposed reconstruction of the site will additionally put into operation the existing areas of the production building, improve the quality of repair of tubing.
The stand proposed by the project for hydraulic testing of tubing allows to improve the quality of bridge repair and labor productivity.
The developed section on labor protection gives recommendations on the implementation of measures to improve working conditions that meet modern requirements.
In the final part of the project, calculations are made on the technical and economic indicators of the effectiveness of the technology project and the organization of production at the tubing repair site.

List of sources used

Babusenko S.M. Design of repair and maintenance enterprises - 2nd ed., Revised. and additional - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 352 p.: ill. - (Tutorials and study guides for universities).
Apalkov V.I., Pilipenko N.S. Organization and planning of repair enterprises: Textbook for term paper. - M.: MIISP, 1984. - 320 p.
Reliability and repair of machines: Textbook / Ed. V.V. Kurchatkin. - M. : Kolos, 2000. - 776 p.
Levitsky NS Organization of repair and design of agricultural repair enterprises. -ed. 3rd, revised. and additional - M.: Kolos, 1977. - 240 s.
Sery I. S. et al. Course and diploma design for reliability and repair of machines / I. S. Sery, A. P. Smelov, V. E. Cherkun. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M.: Agropromizdat, 1991. - 84 p.
Catalog of equipment and detergents for maintenance and repair / Ed. E.N. Vinogradov. - M. : GOSNITI, 1980. - 116 p.
Catalog of equipment and tools for the maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery / Ed. I.S. Begunova. - M.: GOSNITI, 1983. - 304 p.
Car Repair: Textbook / Ed. L.V. Dekhterinsky. - M.: Transport, 1992. - 295 p.
S.A. Solovyov, V.E. Rogov and others. Workshop on the repair of agricultural machines / Ed. V.E. Rogova - M.: Kolos, 2007.-336 p. (Textbooks and teaching aids for higher agricultural educational institutions).
Reliability and repair of cars. Design of technological processes: Toolkit to graduation design for the faculty of mechanization with. - X. / V.E. Rogov, V.P. Chernyshev. -, 1993. - 160 p.
V. E. Rogov, V. P. Chernyshev and others. Diploma design for the repair of machines, 1996. - 86 p. (Textbooks and teaching aids for universities).
Shkrabak V. S., Lukovnikov A. V., Turgiev A. K. Life safety in agricultural production. - M.: Colossus, 2004. - p. 512: ill.
A. E. Severny, A. V. Kolchin et al. Ensuring safety in the technical service of agricultural machinery. M.: FGNU "Rosinformagrotech", 2001.-408 p.
Konarev F.M. and others. Labor protection.-M .: Agropromizdat, 1988
Belyakov G.I. Labor protection. - M .: Agropromizdat, 1990
Anuryev V.I. Handbook of the designer-machine builder: In 3 volumes - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1979. -728 p., ill.
Vigdorchik V.M. Guidelines to the course of resistance of materials: part 2. -, 1969 - 159s.
Mirolyubov IN et al. Handbook for solving problems in the strength of materials. Ed. 4th, revised. M, " graduate School", 1974, 392s, ill.
Matveev V.A., Pustovalov I.I. Technical regulation of work in agriculture. - M.: Kolos, 1979 - 288s., ill.
Lebedyantsev V.V. Economic evaluation of the effectiveness of measures to improve the repair and maintenance production in the agro-industrial complex: Guidelines for students of faculty of mechanization of page - x.

Equipment for maintenance and repair of tubing. Technological process of tubing repair Types of tubing repair

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