Sustainability of the functioning of economic objects in emergency situations and elimination of the consequences of emergency situations. Sustainability of the functioning of organizations The main requirement for the quality of drinking water
TEST on civil defense and emergency situations
1. Earthquakes occur in the form of aftershocks, which include:
a) foreshocks, main shock, aftershocks, b) focus, focus center, hypocenter,
c) active process, focus center, passive process, d) propagation velocity, stability, attenuation, e) seismic forces, main shock 2. The procedure for preparing the population in the field of protection against emergencies is determined by:
a) The Security Council b) The President of the Russian Federation c) Government of the Russian Federation
d) Defense Council 3. A strong poisonous substance contained in car exhaust gases:
a) herbicides b) tetraethyl lead c) insecticides d) ammonia e) ftolazol 4.
How many regional centers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations are there in Russia? a) 7, b) 8, c) 9 5. The most serious fire hazard:
a) fear of heights. b) high temperature c) poisonous smoke, d) fire 6. The ability of production to function or restore its production activities after exposure modern means damage or as a result of natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes is called:
a) engineering and technical measures b) sustainability c) increasing resilience d) preparing for resilience e) organizational measures 7. According to the pace of development, emergencies are divided into:
a) sudden, b) swift c) smooth, d) moderate e) fast e) slow 8. Head of civil defense in the city:
a) chief of the city’s police department b) chief of staff of the city’s civil defense and emergency situations c) military commissar of the city
G) head of city administration9. Meteorological emergencies of a natural nature:
a) hurricanes b) earthquakes c) landslides d) mudflows e) snow storms e) tornadoes g) tsunami 10. Sources of chemical air pollution in the living environment
degradation products of polymeric materials:
a) household appliances b) technical equipment of buildings c) anthropotoxins
d) technological equipment of buildings 11. The principle of the organizational structure of the RSChS, which consists in organizing the protection of the population in the territories of the republics, territories, regions, cities, districts, towns, according to administrative division The RF is called ... the principle
a) production b) territorial c) early d) comprehensive e) regional 12. Each level of RSChS has:
a) coordinating bodies b) forces and means c) radiation protection
d) fire protection e) reserves of financial and material resources13. The size of the focus of biological contamination depends on:
a) type of microorganisms b) weather conditions v) method of application d) terrain
e) means and methods of delivery f) places and times of application g) environmental conditions 14. "Planning and preparation of civil defense activities is carried out in peacetime" is the essence of the principle: a) reasonable sufficiency and differentiation b) unity of management
v) lead time d) priority e) continuity 15. A local emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which more than __ people were injured, provided that the emergency zone does not go beyond locality, city, district:
a) 20, but not more than 90 people b) 15, but not more than 70 people c) 30, but not more than 100 people d) 10, but not more than 50 people e) more than 100 people 16. Telluric and tectonic catastrophes:
a) mudflows b) landslides c) snowfalls d) fires e) volcanic eruptions e) earthquakes17. RSChS consists of ... subsystems:
a) republican and regional b) regional and local c) regional and regional
G) territorial and functional e) territorial, regional and facility 18. One of the most serious fire hazards:
a) fear of heights b) high temperature c) poisonous smoke d) the fire 19. The main directions for improving the training of all categories of the population in the field of civil defense and protection from emergencies:
a) introduction of modern technical media into the learning process
b) improving skills in organizing and conducting civil defense events
c) development of skills and abilities in carrying out rescue and other urgent work
G) legislative regulation of the need for training and certification
e) practical assimilation by employees in the composition RSChS forces their duties in emergency situations 20. Zone with a radiation level of more than 50 mSv, with no permit permanent residence, with the control of economic activity and nature management by special acts is called a zone:
a) radiation control b) limited residence of the population c) resettlement d) alienation e) radiation accident 21 . The main criterion in assessing the stability of the organization to the damaging factors of emergencies a) mechanical criterion b) moral and psychological stability c) organizational stability limit d) engineering criterion e) special criterion 22. By departmental affiliation, emergencies are divided into:
a) building b) inevitable c) forestry d) social e) environmental 23. Ensuring the life of the population and providing assistance to the victims refers to ... the functions of civil defense:
a) social b) economic c) military-economic d) military e) socio-political 24. Special ammunition and military devices with delivery vehicles, the damaging effect of which is based on the use of the properties of pathogenic microbes and toxic products of their vital activity (toxins), capable of causing mass serious diseases in humans, animals and plants, is called:
a) pathogenic ammunition b) biological weapons c) biological munitions
d) a disease-causing device e) a microbiological weapon 25. Forces and means of observation and control of the RSChS carry out:
a) state supervision b) inspection c) early action
d) management and control of emergencies e) organization and management of assistance to victims of emergencies 26. Stages of a radiation accident:
a) late b) early v) intermediate G) restorative e) zoning f) liquidation g) control 27. Forces used to eliminate emergencies at the interregional level:
a) GO troops b) emergency response teams c) departmental rescuers
G) separate mixed air squadron e) state unitary aviation enterprise 28. Conventional value characterizing the total energy of elastic vibrations caused by an earthquake:
a) Richter scale b) earthquake magnitude c) the epicenter of the earthquake d) the aftermath of the earthquake e) the focus of the earthquake f) the center of the focus of the earthquake 29. Composition of civil defense forces:
a) GO troops b) Ministry of Emergency Situations c) emergency rescue units and civil defense rescue services d) forces and means of emergency response 30. The protection factor that an anti-radiation shelter should have for personnel of non-categorized facilities in zones of possible dangerous radioactive contamination, but beyond the border of possible severe damage - not less than:
a) 200
b) 100 c) 50 d) 20 e) 10 31. Biological emergencies:
a) epidemic b) an epithet c) epiphytoty d) zootia e) epizootic f) karootia 32. Spread of hazardous chemicals in the environment natural environment in concentrations or quantities that pose a threat to humans, farm animals and plants for a certain time:
a) chemical contamination b) chemically hazardous facility c) chemical accident
d) chemical-toxic contamination e) chemical-technological accident 33. Initial data for planning the evacuation and dispersal of the city (district):
a) total population living in the city, region
b) features of production activities
v) sanitary condition of settlements
G) the presence of protective structures, their capacity and protective properties
e) threat assessment of the impact of means of destruction 34. “The organization and maintenance of civil defense are one of the most important functions of the state, constituent parts defense construction and state security” is the essence of the principle:
a) reasonable sufficiency and differentiation b) unity of management
c) ahead of time d) priority e) continuity 35. Stages of emergency development:
a) the impact of the factor b) the consequences c) the incident d) the development e) the extinction f) birth
g) initiation h) climax i) fading36 Use individual means protection of the population in emergencies is:
a) the principle of protecting the population b) a protective measure c) a means of protecting the population
G) way to protect the population e) a way to protect territories 37. Dangerous changes in the state of the land, air, hydrosphere and biosphere in terms of occurrence relate to ... emergencies:
a) man-made b) natural c) ecological d) social e) biological 38. Protective structures are classified according to:
a) appointment b) location c) water supply d) shelter documentation
e) communications with control points f) capacity39. A disaster is:
a) abrupt change in the destructive nature of any real system b) evolutionary process c) dynamic process d) any non-jumping change e) dynamic process of technogenic nature 40. Medico-biological protection is achieved as a result of the implementation of a set of measures, which include:
a) the use of various means and methods of protection
b) prediction of health outcomes
c) regime-restrictive measures
d) prevention of the emergence and spread of mass infectious diseases
e) creation of guaranteed stocks of medical and sanitary property41. An extreme event of technogenic origin in production, resulting in failure, damage and destruction technical devices and human sacrifices:
a) an accident b) a traffic accident c) industrial accident d) man-made accident
e) environmental catastrophe 42. Structures that most reliably protect sheltered from all damaging factors nuclear explosion, toxic substances and bacterial agents, high temperatures and harmful gases:
a) protective structures b) refuge c) anti-radiation shelters d) the simplest shelters e) object shelter 43. Sawmills, woodworking, carpentry, model productions are classified as especially dangerous explosive objects of the category: a) A, b) B, c) C, d) D, e) D 44. The protective structures of civil defense include:
a) asylum 5 classes b) PRU 3 classes v) cellars, cellars and adapted living quarters G) specially equipped underground passages, metro, mine workings e) forests f) enemies g) roadside ditches 45. Cause of earthquakes:
a) human activity b) strengthening of chemical processes in the bowels of the earth
c) gaps in the earth's crust d) collision of tectonic plates46. Medical protective equipment:
a) water-oil emulsion b) individual anti-chemical package
c) means of protecting the skin and respiratory organs d) first aid kit individual
e) skin and eye protection 47. Accidents, fires, explosions at enterprises, transport and utility networks in terms of occurrence relate to ... Emergencies:
a) technogenic b) natural c) environmental d) social e) combined time will continue in these cities, called:
a) dispersion b) evacuation c) method of protection
d) ensuring the production and vital activity of economic objects
e) evacuation to ensure the production and livelihoods of the population 49. Local emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which no more than ______ people were injured, provided that the emergency does not go beyond the territory of the facility:
a) 10b) 30, c) 15, d) 20, e) 500 50. The decision to conduct an evacuation in peacetime is made by:
a) heads of local governments and the President of the Russian Federation
b) the head of the object of the economy or the housing maintenance department
e) heads of bodies executive power subjects of the Russian Federation and local governments51. Rays with the greatest penetrating power
a) alpha b) beta c) neutrons and gamma d) ultraviolet 52. Protection of the population in emergency situations is:
a) training of all groups of the population in the way and means of protection
b) training the population in the rules for using the means of collective and personal protection
c) a set of measures taken to prevent the defeat of people or to minimize the degree of impact of damaging factors
d) measures for the evacuation and dispersal of the population to safe areas 53. Features of the use of biological weapons:
a) psychological impact b) long-term damaging effect c) cause irritation of the respiratory system and eyes d) having an incubation period
e) difficulty of detection54. Antibacterial protection is organized and carried out in order to:
a) the use of various means and methods of protection b) predicting health consequences c) the creation of forces and means of the medical service d) prevention of the emergence and spread of mass infectious diseases e) creation of guaranteed stocks of medical and sanitary property 55. A strong toxic substance used in industrial refrigeration systems:
a) chlorine b) ammonia c) formaldehyde d) tetraethyl lead e) chloropicrin 56. Territories from which it is necessary to carry out evacuation and dispersal
areas where dangerous chemical contamination is possible at ammonia concentrations of 10 mg * min / l:
a) zones of catastrophic flooding with wave run up to 4 hours
b) areas where dangerous chemical contamination is possible at concentrations of carbon disulfide of 20 mg * min / l
v) cities assigned to civil defense groups
d) zones where dangerous chemical contamination is possible at concentrations of carbon disulfide of 20 mg * min / l and possible destruction 57. Radiation accident dangerous object, leading to an exit or ejection radioactive substances and/or ionizing radiation for the normal operation of this facility provided for by the project is called ... an accident.
a) radiation-chemical b) radiation-technical c) radiation-biological
G) radiation accident e) radiation-industrial 58. Personal protective equipment is classified according to:
a) specialization b) principle of protection v) manufacturing method d) action e) method of isolation 59. Fire extinguishers used to extinguish electrical installations and appliances under current:
a) liquid b) foam c) powder d) carbon dioxide e) air-chemical 60. Affecting factors of accidents at fire and explosive objects:
a) air shock wave b) arising from various kinds of explosions
c) open fire d) evaporation of harmful substances e) fragmentation field generated by explosions e) increased doses of toxic substances 61. Geological, meteorological, hydrological, natural fires, mass diseases of people and animals in terms of occurrence belong to ... emergency situations:
a) technogenic b) natural c) environmental d) social 62. Early removal or withdrawal of the population from the emergency zone is:
a) the principle of protecting the population b) the main way to protect the population
c) protective measure d) means of protecting the population e) evacuation measure 63. According to the nature of the source, man-made emergencies are divided into:
a) industrial accidents, fires and explosions b) dangerous accidents in transport
v) industrial accidents, fires and explosions, dangerous accidents in transport
d) disruption of economic activities e) disruption of economic activities, collapse of buildings, explosions and fires 64. Internal factors affecting the sustainability of the enterprise:
a) the need for the main types of energy carriers and water, the availability of its own thermal power plants
b) socio-economic situation
c) the level of employment of the able-bodied population and the well-being of people
d) maintenance at the proper level of production and accumulation of anti-nuclear, anti-chemical, bacteriological protection e) characteristics of buildings and structures65. A strong toxic substance used to treat water at water pumping stations
a) formaldehyde b) ammonia c) chlorine d) tetraethyl lead e) chloropicrin 66. The main ways to protect the population from emergencies:
a) notification of the population b) localization of emergency areas c) evacuation G) shelter in protective structures e) use of satellites f) carrying out rescue operations g) shelter in protective structures 67. The measurement of wind strength near the earth's surface at a standard height of 100 meters is determined on a scale:
a) Beaufort b) Richter c) Sprinkler d) Bovoto e) Drencher 68. The decision to conduct an evacuation in wartime is made by:
a) heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
b) President of the Russian Federation, Prime Minister of the Russian Federation c) the chairman of the government of the Russian Federation and the heads of executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
d) The President of the Russian Federation and the heads of the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
e) heads of local self-government bodies and heads of civil defense entities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation 69. Affecting factors in the release of radioactive substances from the reactor:
a) radiation impact on personnel b) gas-aerosol mixture of radionuclides
c) radioactive substances d) radioactive contamination of the area
e) ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination 70. Anti-gas respirators protect against:
a) exposure to steam, gaseous harmful substances
b) the impact of OV, AHOV, which are in a gaseous state
c) harmful substances present in the air in the form of vapors, gases and aerosols
d) unlimited content of harmful substances 71. Groups of toxic substances, according to toxic effects, physiological effects on the human body:
a) nerve agent b) irritant c) electromagnetic action d) temporary action e) suffocating action72. Types of protection used to protect the population and the economy from emergencies:
a) radiation b) zoological c) engineering G) phytopathological e) transport f) agricultural 73. Regional emergency refers to an emergency, as a result of which the living conditions are violated ___, provided that the emergency zone does not go beyond the boundaries of the subject of the Russian Federation:
a) from 500 to 1000 people b) from 100 to 500 people c) no more than 50 people d) over 500 people e) over 1000 people 74. Anti-radiation shelters protect against:
a) all types and methods of application of AOKhV (OV) b) all biological weapons
v) damaging factors of nuclear weapons d) secondary factors in the use of weapons of mass destruction 75. The secondary cloud of AHOV is formed as a result of:
a) high concentrations of toxic substances b) evaporation of the spilled substance from the underlying surface c) instantaneous transition into the atmosphere of a part of hazardous chemicals from the tank when it is destroyed d) the damaging effect of toxic substances e) physical and chemical properties and state of aggregation of hazardous chemicals 76. A set of organizational and technical measures aimed at ensuring the safety of people, preventing fire, limiting its spread and the creation of conditions for its extinguishing is called:
a) fire protection b) fire safety c) fire process d) fire change e) fire evacuation 77. A fire spreading along the ground and along the lower tiers of forest vegetation is called:
a) riding b) underground c) forest d) grassroots e) mixed 78. The sequence of rendering the first medical care with dislocations1) apply a tight bandage 2) provide rest to the injured limb
3) give the victim an anesthetic 4) deliver the victim to a medical facility79. An emergency is:
a) a state of emergency throughout the territory of the Russian Federation b) the situation on certain territory, which can lead to human casualties and violation of people's living conditions c) the most extreme natural phenomenon d) a state of emergency in certain areas of the Russian Federation
a) Attention everyone
b) "Everyone in anti-radiation shelters"
v) "Radiation Hazard"
d) "Radiation accident"
e) “Attention, a radiation situation is being introduced on the territory” 81. Simultaneous intense burning of the predominant number of buildings and structures in a given building site is called: a) a local fire b) a separate fire c) continuous fire d) mass fire e) fire storm f) uncontrolled burning 82. The type of evacuation, in which the disabled population and the population not employed in production and in the service sector are taken out - ... evacuation.
a) general b) partial c) regional d) combined e) selected 83. The seismic scale of magnitudes, based on the assessment of the energy of seismic waves arising from earthquakes, is called the scale:
a) magnitude b) Ch. Richter c) Beaufort d) B. Franklin e) hypocenter 84. The order of action of the population and the use of means and methods of protection in the zones of infection (contamination) in order to minimize possible doses of damage:
a) radiation and chemical reconnaissance b) radiation and chemical control
v) protection mode d) decontamination of sites e) radiation control 85. Dangerous accidents in transport include:
a) accidents on main pipelines b) an accident at a hydraulic structure
v) accidents at underground structures G) traffic accidents e) accidents at landfills 86. Covered simple shelter will protect people:
a) completely from light radiation and from direct contact with the skin and clothing of radioactive substances (RS), toxic substances (OS), bacteriological agents (BS)
b) partly from light radiation and penetrating radiation c) from all the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion, agents and BS d) from the dangerous effects of high temperatures and combustion products during fires
e) from strong radioactive contamination 87. If a collision cannot be avoided, and the car is moving at low speed, you should:
a) push your back into the seat and rest your hands on the steering wheel
b) press your chest against the steering wheel c) sit without changing your position d) lie along the front seat 88. To leave a sinking car should:
a) when the cabin is completely filled with water b) when the cabin is half filled with water
c) after the machine is completely immersed in water 89. Actions during a fire in a train car:
a) get out of the car through the door or windows b) go to the next car, preferably in the direction of traffic
c) get out in any direction, only quickly 90. If you broke a thermometer and spilled mercury, you must:
a) wash the place cleaned of mercury with hot soapy liquid or a cool solution of potassium permanganate
b) wash the place cleared of mercury with hot soda solution
v) put on a cotton-gauze bandage, rubber gloves and shoes
G) open doors, windows for ventilation
e) collect mercury and wash the place cleared of mercury with a weak solution of citric acid 91. To better protect the respiratory organs from chlorine vapor, a gauze bandage should be moistened:
a) 2% solution of baking soda b) 5% solution of acetic or citric acid
c) a weak solution of potassium permanganate d) any liquid e) vegetable oil 92. In case of a chemical burn with acid, it is necessary:
a) wash it off the skin with a jet cold water, neutralize the action of the acid with soapy water, apply an aseptic dressing
b) neutralize the action of the acid with soapy water, apply an aseptic dressing
c) wash it off the skin with a stream of cold water, neutralize the effect of the acid with a weak solution of vinegar, apply an aseptic dressing
d) wash it off the skin with a stream of cold water, apply an aseptic dressing, neutralize the action of the acid with a weak solution of vinegar 93. The sequence of first aid for open fractures1 Give pain reliever
2 Stop the bleeding and treat the edges of the wound with an antiseptic
3 Apply a sterile bandage to the fracture area
4 Perform (immobilization) immobilization of the limb94. The territory in which, as a result of the impact of the biological weapons of the enemy, mass destruction of people, agricultural animals and plants occurred is called:
a) site of biological damage b) biological contamination zone c) quarantine zone
d) a focus of infection e) a sanitary-hygienic zone 95. When a forest fire is detected, it is necessary:
a) climb to an elevated point on the ground and determine the escape route
b) don't panic and run c) shelter from fire on bare islands and shoals
d) set fire to the forest in order to send a distress signal 96. Entering the room in the evening, you smelled gas. First of all, you should:
a) turn on the light to see the source of the gas leak b) call the emergency gas service ("04") c) ventilate the room well G) close the main valve97. Actions of a person when ball lightning enters a room:
a) run away from her b) move away from electrical appliances and wiring
c) try to brush away some object d) freeze in place98. Signs of carbon monoxide poisoning:
a) convulsions, muscle pain, vomiting,
b) headache, vomiting, stunned state, severe muscle weakness, loss of consciousness
c) dizziness, general weakness, bleeding from the nose d) tearing of the eyes, blackout of consciousness, palpitations
e) muscle pain, increased heart rate and respiration 99. A zone with a radiation level from 5 mSv to 20 mSv, without restriction of residence in it and an explanation of the risk of damage to health caused by exposure to radiation, is called a zone:
a) radiation control b) limited population c) resettlement
d) alienation e) radiation accident 100. You should leave the zone of chemical contamination:
a) into the wind b) downwind c) it does not matter, as long as you leave the danger zone as soon as possible
G) perpendicular to the direction of the wind101. Contamination of the surface of the earth, atmosphere, water bodies and various objects with radioactive substances that have fallen from the cloud of a nuclear explosion is called:
a) radioactive contamination b) products of a nuclear chain reaction
c) radioactive decay of harmful substances d) penetrating power of gamma rays
e) infection with gamma and beta particles 102. Train fire is scary:
a) flame b) poisonous combustion products of synthetic finishing materials
c) high temperature d) sparks e) falling objects 103. The liquid that needs to be moistened with a bandage to protect the respiratory organs from ammonia vapors:
a) baking soda solution b) 5% solution of citric or acetic acid
c) concentrated hydrochloric acid d) any liquid e) vegetable oil 104. A fast-flowing process of chemical transformation of explosives, accompanied by the release of energy and propagating through explosives in the form of a wave at supersonic speed:
a) explosion b) accident c) burning d) detonation e) fever 105. During an accident at a radiation hazardous facility, while being on the street, it is necessary:
a) use respiratory and skin protection equipment, do not raise dust
b) move through tall grass and bushes c) provide first aid to the injured 106. Modes of operation of the RSChS system
a) daily activities b) emergency c) functional
G) high alert e) surveillance and control 107. Stopping burning by cooling
a) fire extinguishing powder b) a layer of foam c) water jet spray d) backfilling with sand, earth (soil) 108. During a thunderstorm it is necessary:
a) in the forest to hide among low trees with dense crowns
b) stop at the edges of the forest, large clearings
v) fold all large metal objects 15–20 m away from you
d) to walk or stop near bodies of water and in places where water flows
e) run, fuss, move in a tight group 109. If a person was shocked, and he is still under its influence, first of all it is necessary:
a) carry out resuscitation b) call ambulance
v) disconnect the electrical installation or separate the victim from the current-carrying part
d) put the victim in a comfortable position
e) unbutton his clothes and cover him, ensuring complete rest until the doctor arrives 110. It is necessary to escape from a fire in the forest:
a) moving along the line of fire
b) it doesn’t matter in which direction, as long as you leave the danger zone as soon as possible
v) to windward (to go into the wind), in a direction perpendicular to the spread of fire
d) stand still
Under sustainability technical system understand its ability to maintain performance under abnormal impact, i.e. under the sustainability of the functioning of economic objects, one must understand its ability to produce the established types of products in the volumes and nomenclature provided for by plans for emergency situations. For objects not related to production material assets(transport, communications, power lines) , sustainability is determined by their ability to perform their functions.
In this regard, the following concepts are distinguished:
The stability of the functioning of the country's economy as a whole is the ability to ensure the vital activity of the state, the production of products (industrial and agricultural), the operation of energy, transport, communications in emergencies ;
The stability of the functioning of the sector of the economy in the conditions of the destruction of some of its facilities and the partial disruption of production relations lies in its ability to produce the main products in the planned volume for emergency conditions;
The sustainability of economic objects is the ability of the entire complex, i.e. buildings, equipment, warehouses, communications, transport, to resist the destructive effect of damaging factors;
The sustainability of the functioning of economic facilities is the ability in emergency situations to produce products in the planned volume and range, and in case of moderate damage, partial disruption of production relations, restore production to minimum terms on their own.
The stability of the functioning of economic objects is primarily determined by a number of factors:
The ability to protect workers and employees from all damaging factors;
The ability of elements of economic objects (buildings, equipment, utility networks) to withstand any damaging factors;
Reliability of the system for supplying economic facilities with everything necessary for production activities (raw materials, fuel, components);
Reliability of the control, warning and communication system;
The ability to restore production after exposure to damaging factors.
When solving problems of increasing the stability of the functioning of economic objects and sectors of the economy essential have design standards for engineering and technical measures civil defense(ITM GO), published as part of building codes and rules ( SNiP 2.0.151 - 90). All newly constructed objects of the economy and their elements are being built in strict accordance with these standards under the strict control of the civil defense authorities.
To assess the stability of the operation of the enterprise, the head of the civil defense of the object of the economy, his headquarters of the Civil Defense of Emergency Situations and the chief specialists conduct special studies. For their implementation, performers, employees of industry design and technology and research institutes are involved in four stages:
1 - preparatory;
II - sustainability assessment;
Ш - development of measures to improve the sustainability of the functioning of the object of the economy or its elements;
IV - execution of documents for the implementation of the research results.
At the I (preparatory) stage of the study, Required documents:
Order of the head of the GO OE to conduct a study;
A calendar plan for the preparation and conduct of the study, which indicates the performers, deadlines for the completion of work, leaders and composition of groups that solve specific problems;
Tasks for groups to conduct research on a specific range of issues.
Specially created groups conduct research on:
Determination of the minimum excess pressure that the elements of the economic object will withstand , protective structures and individual shelters for personnel servicing continuous cycle units;
Assessment of the stability of machine, technological and laboratory equipment; the possibility of secondary damaging factors; adequate protection of unique and valuable equipment;
Assessment of the sustainability of the operation of power facilities, networks and communications, external and internal sources of electricity, as well as their inputs;
Identification of vulnerable areas of the technological process; possible destruction of machine equipment, places of violation technological processes due to the collapse of building elements; the possibility of changing the technological process in case of failure of vulnerable areas; the possibility of replacing materials, raw materials, components, fuel, taking into account local resources;
assessment of the availability, storage conditions and ensuring the safety of stocks of material assets (fuel, raw materials, components), protecting them from damaging factors; stability of industrial relations and conditions for obtaining fuel, raw materials, components from suppliers; the possibility of switching to increased reserves, as well as supply at the expense of backups and local resources in emergency situations; the feasibility of developing the road network and access roads; terms of operation of economic facilities without the supply of necessary materials;
Estimates of the stability of control, warning and communication systems, the protective properties of buildings to attenuate radiation, the provision of people with PPE , their safety and readiness for extradition.
Stage II of the study (sustainability assessment) begins with a study of the location of the object of the economy (city, flat or swampy terrain, forest), its layout, communications. An analysis of the vulnerability of the elements of the economic object, as well as the object of the economy as a whole in an emergency, is carried out, ITM GO are outlined , implementation of which will increase sustainability. At this stage, an analysis is carried out*:
Consequences of accidents individual systems production;
Distribution of air-blasts over the territory of the economic object (places and nature of explosions, their power and probable consequences);
Spread of fire in various types of fire;
Reliability of communications and industrial complexes;
Possibilities of formation of toxic and flammable mixtures;
Opportunities to work in case of radioactive contamination of the territory;
Probabilities of occurrence of secondary damaging factors;
Threats of chemical and biological impact in the area of location of the economic object.
In all links provide a clear system for receiving GO signals and bringing them to officials, formations, personnel and population. Provision of bypass communication channels.
Having assessed the stability of individual elements of the object of the economy, it is possible to assess the stability of its production activities as a whole. The tables, graphs, schemes worked out during the study are the documents on the basis of which the ITM GO is developed.
At the III stage of the study, the reality and economic feasibility (possibility) of the proposed measures to improve sustainability are assessed and the selection of those that are expedient to implement is made. Here, the question of the readiness of the object of the economy to restore or change the profile of production is finally resolved. Now takes the final form Repair Plan restoration work up to the use of the possibility of performing the work of equipment in open areas, the allocation of appropriate resources.
At the IV stage of the study, the final documents are drawn up, the main of which is the "Schedule of increasing measures to improve the sustainability of the functioning of the economic object", which indicates specific ITM HE and the deadlines for their implementation. The issue of allocating the necessary funds is being resolved. If necessary, the work is broken down by deadlines with the definition of the volume and cost of work for each event; funding sources; responsible performers.
Preparing for a trouble-free shutdown of production. At each industrial facility of the economy, in the event of an emergency, a Plan for a quick and accident-free shutdown of production is being worked out. It should ensure that the likelihood of secondary damaging factors is reduced to a minimum. The reality of this plan and the training of the personnel of the economic facility to implement it are determined at regular training sessions when working out civil defense issues. At the same time, the necessary set of documentation is developed in advance. Energy networks must be ready for a trouble-free shutdown, and in shops that stop working partially, it is planned to switch to a reduced technological regime (at the lowest possible temperatures, pressures, revolutions). Individual shelters for personnel servicing continuous cycle units should be equipped. When carrying out blackout measures, attention is paid to masking the lights of blast furnaces, open-hearth furnaces, roasting furnaces and similar units, and the outdoor lighting of the economic facility and the surrounding area is also sharply reduced.
Measures to prepare for the rapid restoration of production. At the facilities of the economy, issues of restoring production after receiving weak or medium damage are being worked out, plans are being drawn up for priority restoration work for each variant of damage, taking into account the possibility of deploying equipment in open areas, to which energy resources are connected. It is planned to redistribute human resources, premises and equipment from among those that have survived and are stored in reserve. In this case, the restoration may be temporary or partial, if only to ensure a quick release of products. The possibility of using local reserves or other territories is determined with local authorities and headquarters of the Civil Defense Emergencies. To restore production, the personnel of the economic facility are prepared in advance, which should include:
Availability of plans for the restoration of elements of the object of the economy, based on the analysis possible situation for destruction options;
Developed technological schemes for continuing production in case of failure of equipment, lines, workshops due to the redistribution of premises and human resources, simplification of technology;
Development of documentation for restoration work;
Calculations for the restoration of the structure with the predicted nature of the destruction, the list and total volume of restoration work (cost, time, labor costs), the necessary forces involved, trained repair and restoration teams;
Creation of material resources for restoration work, ensuring their safety. and regular updating (in the calculations for the repair of equipment, it is indicated: its type, quantity, list of repair and restoration work, their cost, necessary labor force, materials, and spare parts, recovery time);
Drawing up calculations of the need for people to carry out restoration work and make up for human losses;
Determination of the probable sequence of restoration work;
Simplified designs may be used to ensure a quick resumption of production, but subject to safety measures and product compliance technical documentation;
When determining the time for performing restoration work, the possibility of long-term radioactive contamination of the area is taken into account.
Obviously, these plans and documents in the real situation will require significant adjustments. Therefore, it is necessary to have trained specialists capable of making appropriate adjustments during the immediate restoration of production in emergency situations.
The main measures to ensure the safety of the population in emergencies include:
Forecasting and assessment of possible consequences of emergencies;
Development of measures aimed at preventing or reducing the likelihood of emergencies;
Development of measures aimed at reducing their consequences;
Education of the population in emergency situations;
Development effective means and methods of protection.
Forecasting emergency situations is a method of tentative identification and assessment of the situation that develops as a result of natural disasters, accidents and catastrophes. Distinguish between long-term and short-term forecasts. Long-term forecasts are aimed at studying and determining seismic regions, areas where mudflows or landslides are possible, the boundaries of zones of probable flooding in case of dam failures or natural floods, as well as the boundaries of lesions in man-made accidents. Short-range forecasts are used to estimate when an emergency will occur.
Statistical data are used to make forecasts, reference documents Civil defense and emergency situations, information about the physico-chemical characteristics of substances and environmental media. So, to predict earthquakes in seismically hazardous areas, they study the change in the chemical composition of natural waters, monitor changes in the water level in wells, and determine the mechanical and physical (electrical and magnetic) properties of the soil. Observation of the behavior of animals can provide significant information for earthquake prediction.
Methods have been developed for predicting fires (for example, underground or forest fires- aerial photography in the infrared part of the spectrum). Mathematical methods (mathematical modeling) are used to predict the situation during the development of emergency situations.
Permanent measures include current quality control of construction and installation works, the creation of a reliable warning system, the construction of protective structures, the supply of the population with personal protective equipment, the mandatory training of the population in the rules of behavior in emergency situations, the development of emergency response plans, their financial and material support.
In the event of a danger of developing an emergency, the warning, communication and control system, as well as emergency services, are alerted. a surveillance and reconnaissance system is being deployed; especially dangerous production facilities and facilities are neutralized, the readiness for the evacuation of people is checked.
Elimination of the consequences of emergency situations should be carried out in the shortest possible time under any conditions of the situation in three main stages.
At the first stage, measures for emergency protection of the population are being implemented. The notification system provides the necessary information about emergencies and the procedure for action (use of PPE, evacuation routes, gathering places, etc.). People are being evacuated from dangerous areas and given first aid. Urgent measures are being taken to localize the accident, and, if necessary, temporarily stop production.
At this stage, preparations are being made for the implementation of emergency rescue operations. Readiness is declared by specially created industrial facilities civil defense organizations (formations from among the employees of this facility). To obtain information about the situation that has developed as a result of an emergency, reconnaissance of the lesion focus is carried out. The shape of the lesion depends on the type of emergency: during explosions and earthquakes, it is round; during floods, hurricanes and tornadoes - it looks like a strip; during fires and landslides, an irregularly shaped lesion is formed. There are specific (foci of chemical damage, foci of biological damage) and combined (created from a combination of damaging factors) lesions.
At the second stage, rescue and other urgent work is carried out, as well as localization or liquidation of the consequences of emergency situations that began at the first stage (fire fighting, rescue of people from burning buildings, littered protective structures, search and extraction of people from rubble). The injured are being taken to medical facilities, and the evacuation of the population from dangerous areas continues.
If necessary (contamination of the environment with radioactive or toxic chemicals, as well as in the presence of bacteriological agents), special treatment is carried out. It is a set of measures for the disinfection of the area, buildings, equipment, clothing, etc., in order to ensure the possibility of continuing emergency recovery work without the use of PPE. Special treatment consists of decontamination of objects and sanitization of people (decontamination, degassing, disinfection and deratization).
Decontamination is the removal of radioactive substances from contaminated surfaces, as well as the purification of water from them. There are mechanical and physico-chemical (chemical) methods of removing radioactive substances. Mechanical removal of radioactive dust is reduced to removing or washing it with water under pressure from the surface of contaminated objects. When using the chemical method, radioactive dust is bound with special compounds, thereby preventing its spread in environment. For this, surface-active (SF-2 powder, preparation OP-7 and OP-10) and complexing agents, acids and alkalis (sodium phosphates, oxalic and citric acids, salts of these acids) are used. If the contaminated area has a hard surface, then it is decontaminated mechanically. Territories without a hard coating are treated with film-forming and fixing compounds (latex, oil sludge) or simply with water. Decontamination of building surfaces is carried out by binding radioactive dust with film-forming compounds, followed by its removal. It is also possible to treat the surfaces of low-rise buildings and vegetation with water or decontaminating solutions using special equipment (watering or fire trucks, filling stations).
To decontaminate water, methods are used: filtration, settling, distillation, purification using ion-exchange resins. Open reservoirs are decontaminated by treating with absorbent and complexing clays. Purification of flowing effluents (rivers, streams) is carried out by passing water through filter-type dams (they use an adsorbent filler). Decontamination of wells is carried out by repeated replacement of water in them and removal of contaminated soil from the bottom. When decontaminating packaged food, the contaminated container is replaced, and, if necessary, by removing the surface contaminated layer.
Degassing is used to decompose hazardous chemicals into non-toxic products. As degassing agents, chemical compounds are also used that react with hazardous chemicals (various cleaning solutions prepared on the basis of SF-2 powder or household synthetic detergents). These solutions do not neutralize AHOV , but only wash them off the infected surface. In case of combined contamination of an object with radioactive and toxic substances, degassing is first carried out, and then decontamination.
To destroy pathogens of infectious diseases, disinfection is carried out. It is carried out by physical, chemical and mechanical methods.
Physical methods are used mainly for intestinal infections. These include: boiling linen, dishes, patient care items, burning things that are unnecessary and unsuitable for further use. The chemical disinfection method consists in the destruction of pathogenic microbes and the destruction of toxins by disinfectants (ethanol, phenol and its derivatives), as well as a number of other drugs. The territory infected with bacteriological agents is treated (watered) with disinfectants. This deactivation method is the main one. The mechanical method of disinfection consists in removing the contaminated soil layer or laying the decks.
In order to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, methods of deratting are used , consisting in the destruction of carriers of these diseases (mice, rats, rodents). What disinfection, deratization can be carried out by chemical, mechanical and biological methods. For example, rats are killed using barium carbonate as a pesticide.
Sanitary treatment is understood as a set of measures to eliminate the contamination of personnel of formations and the population with radioactive, chemical substances and (or) bacteriological agents. During sanitization, the entire surface of the human body is disinfected, especially the hairline and external mucous membranes. If necessary, make a full haircut or shave. They also process clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment. Distinguish between full and partial sanitization.
Partial sanitization of the personnel of the formations, as well as the evacuated population, is carried out directly in the focus of the lesion or immediately after leaving the zone of infection without the involvement of special units. At the same time, mechanical cleaning and treatment of open areas of the skin, surfaces of clothing, footwear and personal protective equipment with water or special compositions is carried out.
With full sanitization, complete disinfection from any type of infection is ensured. It is carried out at points of special processing of people. Clothes, other items and things are disinfected by the chamber or gas method, as well as by soaking in appropriate solutions, followed by washing, boiling, steaming.
At the third and final stage, work is carried out to restore the functioning of the OE, which is carried out by construction, installation and specialized organizations. In addition, housing repairs or the construction of temporary residential buildings are carried out. Energy and water supplies, public utilities and communication lines are also being restored. After the completion of these works, the issue of the return (re-evacuation) of the population to the places of permanent residence is decided.
Questions for self-control
1. Define an emergency, what are its sources?
2. Give the classification of emergencies. What is at its core? What is an environmental emergency zone?
3. List the types of endogenous natural disasters. What environmental impacts do they produce?
4. What are natural disasters of an exogenous nature? Their ecological manifestation?
5. List natural disasters associated with the occurrence of mass diseases.
6. What man-made emergencies are you dealing with?
7. What kind of man-made disaster, in your opinion, is soldered the largest in the history of modern mankind?
8. What are social dangers? Give their classification and!\u003e a sharp description.
9. Describe the relationship between armed conflicts and challenges<;(1емых ими чрезвычайных ситуаций.
10. What are the long-term socio-economic consequences of emergencies?
11. Why does any military action worsen the ecological situation?
12. What explains the rapid growth in the number of major technical accidents and catastrophes in recent decades?
13. Can you establish a relationship between natural disasters and man-made disasters? What do the previously studied environmental laws say about this?
14. Does the likelihood of natural disasters increase as the stability of the biosphere decreases, and if so, why?
15. List the main factors of the negative impact of the activities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation on the environment.
16. Why are possible accidents of spaceships with nuclear power plants on board dangerous for nature?
17. List and describe the environmental concepts that form the basis of the modern construction of the RF RC.
18. What, in your opinion, can result in the underestimation of the environmental aspects of reforming the RF DG and on present stage?
19. List the environmental problems of reducing strategic offensive weapons (primarily nuclear) in Russia.
20. What is a binary chemical weapon? Why did its appearance increase the danger of uncontrolled proliferation of chemical weapons?
21. What environmental problems need to be solved before and during the destruction of chemical weapons (in accordance with the Convention on their Prohibition)?
22. List the options for anthropogenic impact on the environment in the course of military activities.
200-250 first degree 250 -200 second degree
What severity will a person get injured when they are in the zone of impact of a shock wave with a pressure of 90 kPa?
Third degree - severe damage (severe contusion of the whole body, loss of consciousness, fractures of limbs, damage to internal organs)
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in completely destroyed buildings, damage is received by ...?
100% staff
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in heavily damaged buildings, damage is received by ...?
60% of staff
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in buildings that have received medium damage, damage is received by ...?
30% of staff
A piece of ammunition that has what kinetic energycalled "killer"?
Eu =10 kgm/cm2
Civil defense is...?
The system of measures to prepare for the defense and to protect the population, material and cultural property in the territory Russian Federation from the dangers arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of emergency situations of a natural and man-made nature.
What is one of the main principles of civil defense organization on the territory of the Russian Federation?
Protection of the population throughout the country
What state authority is responsible for introduction of the Plan of Civil Defense and Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas in full or in part?
President of Russian Federation
Under what conditions is the degree of readiness of civil defense "" introduced?
In the context of a growing external military threat or internal armed conflicts
What law defines the tasks in the field of Civil Defense of the Russian Federation?
FZ ON CIVIL DEFENSE Adopted State Duma December 26, 1997 Approved by the Federation Council on January 28, 1998
When carrying out measures of what degree of civil defense readiness at an economic facility, food and medicines are placed in shelters?
Priority activities of civil defense of the 2nd group
When carrying out measures of what degree of readiness of civil defense at the facility of the economy, workers and employees are issued personal protective equipment?
Priority activities of civil defense of the 2nd group
What regulatory document defines the basic requirements for the sustainable operation of economic facilities in emergency situations?
PP RF No. 841
A study of the stability of the OE should be carried out. at least …?
1 time in 5 years
The stability of the functioning of the object of the economy is ...?
The ability to prevent the occurrence of accidents and disasters, to resist the impact of their damaging factors in order to prevent or limit the threat to life and health of personnel living near the population, reduce material damage, and also ensure the restoration of disturbed production in the shortest possible time
Measures for the FSP of the object of the economy should be carried out ...?
In peacetime
Is ensuring the protection of working personnel one of the main directions for increasing the sustainability of an economic object?
The stability of the object of the economy in emergency situations is characterized by ...?
1. Reliability of personnel protection
2. Reliability of production assurance
3. Ability to restore production
4. Availability of trained civil defense formations
What are the ways to increase the stability of the functioning of the MA in emergency situations?
1. Ensuring the protection of workers, employees, members of their families, the population and their livelihoods. 2. Rational distribution of the productive forces of organizations in the relevant territory. 3. Preparation of organizations for work in emergency situations and in wartime. 4. Preparation for the performance of work on the restoration of production. 5. Preparation of a control system for solving problems in emergency situations and in wartime.
What criteria determine the assignment of OE to the categories of civil defense?
Whether or not the facility functions in wartime, that is, it has a mobilization task and what are its production indicators (production volumes, volumes of oil products pumped, etc.
What is the determining factor for the dispersed placement of economic objects across the territory of the Russian Federation (subjects of the Russian Federation)?
The significance of objects for the state and the population
Where are medical personal protective equipment issued to the non-working population?
In the special Pick-up points, the locations of which are determined by local authorities
Financing of expenses for the creation of facility reserves of material resources for the elimination of emergencies is carried out at the expense of ...?
Funds of the budget of the municipal formation of the urban district "Usinsk" - the municipal reserve of financial and material resources;
Organizations' own funds - facility reserves of financial and material resources.
What measures are taken to increase the stability and mechanical strength of buildings?
Constructed buildings and structures are reinforced with metal racks and beams to increase their strength.
Workshops can be assembled from lightweight structures. In this case, when destroyed, they will damage the equipment to a lesser extent.
Low structures are partially sprinkled with soil to increase strength (Figure 60).
Tall structures (pipes, towers, towers, columns) are fixed with braces to strengthen their structure.
Structures where flammable liquids (flammable liquids) and explosives (explosives) are stored should be surrounded by an earth rampart.
It is advisable to build pipelines for various purposes buried in the ground, which increases their stability by 5-7 times. Dams are built to protect facilities located in areas of possible flooding.
To ensure the reliability and efficiency of production management during emergencies at economic facilities, it is advisable to create management groups ...?
emergency rescue units (NASF)
special importance, first, second, uncategorized
Deployment of evacuation units is carried out with the introduction of the degree of readiness of GO ...?
Electric sirens as a means of alerting civil defense are intended for ... ?
Population Alerts
The exclusion of exposure of people to doses higher than permissible in the contaminated area is ensured by ...?
Timely notification and issuance of PPE
What is the main way to protect the population in wartime?
advance preparation and implementation of civil defense protective measures throughout the country
What is the name of the territory located outside the zones of possible destruction, possible dangerous chemical contamination, possible catastrophic flooding, and also outside the zones of possible dangerous radioactive contamination?
suburban area
Depending on the scale, features of the emergence and development of hostilities, the conditions of the situation, evacuation happens ...?
Dispersal, general evacuation, partial evacuation
Upon receiving the signal "Attention everyone!" necessary …?
Having heard the signal, you must turn on the TV, radio, radio broadcast network speaker and listen to the message local authorities authorities or management bodies for civil defense and emergency situations
Prefabricated shelters are being built with the introduction of the degree of readiness of civil defense ...?
For what period of continuous stay of the sheltered should the civil defense shelters be designed?
at least 2 days
What pressure in the shock wave front should be protected from by an anti-radiation shelter in the zone of possible weak damage during a nuclear explosion?
A civil defense shelter is considered small in terms of capacity if its capacity is…?
On the objects of the economy of asylum are being built class ...?
The collection radius of GOs sheltered in protective structures is ...?
The gathering radius of those sheltered in shelters should be such as to ensure timely shelter of workers and employees on a signal
"Air Alert"
The mode of complete isolation in the air supply of the shelter is ...?
The full isolation mode provides for: complete isolation of the shelter from the outside air, turning off ventilation systems (except for recirculation systems), prohibiting people from entering and exiting the shelter. To create a backwater in the shelter in this mode, it is allowed to supply a minimum volume of outdoor air with the combustion of carbon monoxide in it in a special filter.
The main means of protecting the respiratory organs from radioactive substances are ...?
To protect the respiratory organs from radioactive dust, dust respirators are used, from contact with skin and clothing - different kinds capes and protective clothing.
The main means of individual protection of the population from hazardous chemicals of inhalation action are ...?
civilian gas masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-7VM, GP-VS
The simplest means of personal respiratory protection include ...?
PPE includes gas masks, respirators, insulating breathing apparatus, additional chuck kit, hopcolite chuck. According to the principle of protective action RPE are divided into filtering and insulating.
The simplest cotton-gauze dressings (VMP) reliably protect the human respiratory organs from RV, harmful aerosols and biological agents, if they are moistened ...?
if they are moistened with a 2% solution of baking soda or a 5% solution of citric acid, then protection against chlorine and ammonia vapors will be provided to a certain extent.
The individual first-aid kit AI-2 is designed to prevent damage to people ...?
The individual first-aid kit AI-2 is designed to provide first aid in case of FOV poisoning, radiation or bacterial contamination, and injuries.
What means are included in the personal protective equipment?
Personal protective equipment includes first aid kit individual AI-2; universal first-aid kit household for the population living in radiation-hazardous areas; individual anti-chemical packages - IPP-8, IPP-10 , IPP-11; medical dressing bag - PPM
Personal protective equipment is issued to employees of enterprises located in cities assigned to civil defense groups when the degree of readiness of civil defense is introduced ...?
First degree
Is it necessary to train in the field of protection of the population and territories the population not employed in the spheres of production and services?
Subject to
Are wages kept for employees of enterprises involved in exercises and training?
Saved
Where is the training of personnel of non-standard emergency rescue teams (NASF) of the civil defense?
Classes are held in training campuses, in areas of the area or on the territory of the organization.
What is the volume of annual classes conducted with employees of enterprises that are not part of the NASF GO?
object trainings lasting up to eight hours with a frequency of once every three years
What are the training methods for OE personnel on civil defense issues?
Protection of the population is carried out by carrying out a set of measures, which can be divided into three groups:
preventive measures;
protective measures;
emergency recovery measures (works).
The main form of training for the leaders of non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense is ...?
". The order indicates the goals and objectives of training and specific activities with the deadlines for their implementation and performers. The duration of the academic year, the composition of study groups (their number should not exceed 25 people), the leaders of these groups, the time and place of classes for each group are determined , the procedure for conducting final classes for the academic year, exercises and training in civil defense.
What document determines the procedure for training the OE personnel on civil defense issues annually?
"On the organization of education and training of management personnel, workers and employees and formations of civil defense"
What organizations create non-standard rescue teams of civil defense?
It is recommended to use the accumulated experience in the creation, training and use of forces and means of civil defense and a unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations, including experience in the creation, recruitment, technical equipment and training civil organizations civil defense, in relation to modern conditions and tasks.
Non-standard emergency rescue formations of civil defense are completed from employees of organizations ...?
is completed at the expense of employees of organizations from among men aged 18 to 60 years, women - from 18 to 55 years old, with the exception of those liable for military service who have mobilization orders, disabled groups I, II, III, pregnant women, women with children under the age of 8 years, as well as women who have received secondary and higher medical education with children under 3 years of age. Persons liable for military service who have mobilization orders may be included in these formations for the period prior to their conscription (mobilization).
The activities of non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense are carried out on the basis of ...?
the changes made clarify and concretize the scope of activities of non-standard emergency rescue teams (classified as forces
civil defense), determine the procedure for their creation and application to solve the problems of civil defense.
The enrollment of citizens in the composition of emergency rescue teams is carried out by order of the head of the organization.
Composition, structure and equipmentnon-standard emergency rescue teams of civil defense at the facility level of the RSChS determine ...?
The composition, structure and equipment of the NASF OE are determined by the organizations that create them, based on the possible tasks assigned to them for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations, taking into account the order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry of 23.12.05. No. 999 "On approval of the procedure for the creation of non-regular emergency rescue teams."
What is the age limit for enrolling women in non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense?
women - from 18 to 55 years
Non-standard emergency rescue formations of high readiness civil defense have a readiness period ...?
For non-standard emergency rescue teams, the alert time should not exceed: in peacetime - 24 hours, in wartime - 6 hours
Which the federal law defines the rights and obligations of rescuers?
The main provisions for the certification of emergency rescue services, emergency rescue teams and rescuers, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 No. 1479;
What methods are used to search for victims in an emergency?
1.Organoleptic examination of the work site: - visual inspection - combing; - probing; - search by footprints; - search using vehicles.2. Cynological.3.Technical (acoustic instruments, magnetometers, thermal imagers, radio search, fiber optic probes ...).4. According to eyewitnesses.5. Study of reporting and project documentation.
Who manages the ASDNR, the life support of the population and coordinates the actions of the authorities and forces of the RSChS in the emergency zone?
the heads of emergency rescue services and formations, who arrived in the emergency zone first, assume the powers of the head of the emergency response (RLChS), established in accordance with the Legislation of the Russian Federation.
What is the main purpose of reconnaissance in emergency zones in the interests of civil defense?
reconnaissance constantly provides the commander (leader) with data: on the radiation and chemical situation, the nature of the destruction of buildings, fires, access routes to work sites, places of accumulation of the affected, protective structures, the state and conditions for rescuing people in them, as well as the nature of damage to communal energy and technological networks.
What is the main focus of ASDNR efforts?
works on opening the blocked protective structures, supplying air to them, arranging transitions, stairs, ladders and other equipment to rescue the victims.
What departments are included in the consolidated team of the object of the economy?
Non-military civil defense formations. Paramilitary units of the Civil Defense. Forces and means of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Health.
What actions can determine that the victim is alive?
Check if the person is breathing, feel the pulse
Which of the stages of disaster forecasting provides for the early identification and assessment of the situation in the conditions of possible emergencies in the area of the OE location in order to plan measures to protect the OE personnel and the population?
At the third stage the research results are summarized. A report is being compiled, and measures are being developed and planned to improve the sustainability of organizations.
The results of what forecasting stage are used to clarify earlier decisions on the protection of people and personnel of the OE and on the implementation of work to eliminate emergencies?
The results of what forecasting stage are used to clarify earlier decisions on the emergency protection of the OE personnel and the population and the organization of intelligence in the emergency zone?
What is meant by assessing the situation in the interests of protecting the population and territories from emergencies?
Assessment of the situation includes the solution of the main tasks to determine the impact of the damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations on the operation of the MA, the vital activity of the population and the actions of the emergency response forces.
Which of meteorological conditions used in predicting the consequences of an accident with the release of hazardous chemicals?
ambient temperature
At what degree of air stability are the most favorable conditions for the spread of chemical contamination?
What criterion underlies the calculations of radiation protection regimes?
the maximum allowable dose (MPD) of exposure to people, which does not lead to loss of their working capacity and radiation sickness.
Extreme situation - a situation that is out of the ordinary.
Emergency - the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or have caused human life, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.
The difference between an emergency and an emergency - emergency situations differ from extreme ones primarily in their scale and severity of consequences.
Reasons why a person finds himself in extreme situations - a person finds himself in extreme situations for various reasons, but, perhaps, most often this happens through his own fault - as a result of a lack of experience in safe behavior or disregard for norms, safety rules, hindsight, and sometimes frivolity.
Toxic substances contained in the smoke from a fire - smoke contains carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic products of combustion and pyrolysis, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride, and even phosgene.
Dangerous household chemicals - cosmetics(lotions, colognes), insecticides (chlorophos, karbofos, dichlorvos), repellents (drugs against flying insects), acid and alkali (80% solution of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, carbolic acid).
Help with acid and alkali poisoning - We need to call an ambulance. It is strictly forbidden to independently wash the affected stomach. This procedure will only increase vomiting, swelling of the larynx, the ingress of acids and alkalis into the respiratory tract. The stomach of such patients is washed with a special probe. In order to avoid repeated cauterizing action of acids and alkalis on the mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus, let the victim drink 2-3 glasses of water, no more!
Balanced nutrition and its role for life safety - A balanced diet is a diet that provides a sufficient amount of varied food to meet the body's need for nutrients. It is known that a person will die if he does not take food for several weeks; and with poor nutrition, he will lose weight and weaken.
The main types of toxins that cause food poisoning - 1) Butulism, 2) Staphylococcal enterotoxins, 3) Food mycotoxins produced by fungi, 4) Pathogenic bacteria.
Violation of safety rules in the subway - the most dangerous thing is to break them on the escalator. If you do not hold on to the handrail, when the car comes to an emergency stop, the momentum of the movement will throw you forward. A suitcase that you did not hold or put on the handrail will rush down, knocking down other passengers and lamps.
Actions in the event of a crash or sudden braking of a passenger train - the most important thing at the same time is to be well fixed, to prevent your movement forward or throws to the sides. To do this, you can grab the handrails and rest your feet on something (a wall or a seat).
Safety rules for railway transport - 1) do not open the outer doors while the train is moving, do not stand on the steps; 2) do not lean out of the windows; 3) carefully place luggage on the upper luggage racks; 4) do not tear down the stopcock unless absolutely necessary; 5) smoke only in designated areas; 6) do not carry flammable and explosive substances with you; 7) do not plug household appliances into the car electrical network; 8) if you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately; 9) do not hide your eyes at the dangerous behavior of your fellow travelers or guides - you have every right to protect your temporary home.
Actions of aircraft passengers during decompression - without waiting for the command, and even more so for the help of the crew, immediately put on an oxygen mask. The flight attendant will tell you where it is located and how to use it at the beginning of the flight. The mask must be put on, and not simply pressed against the nose and mouth: even with oxygen supplied, you can lose consciousness and drop it.
Actions of passengers in case of fire in the passenger compartment - First, inform the driver immediately: do not forget that his attention is drawn mainly to the road. Second, open the doors with the emergency release button. If this fails, and the cabin fills with smoke, break the side windows (holding the handrail, kick both feet into the corner of the window) or open them as emergency exits according to the instructions (for example, using a special built-in cord). Thirdly, if possible, put out the fire yourself with a fire extinguisher, if there is one in the cabin, or by covering the fire with outer clothing.
Determination of the legitimacy of self-defense - Firstly, the encroachment should not be insignificant. Violence, robbery - this is significant. But bullying is not always the case. For example, responding to a verbal insult with a blow is contraindicated. Secondly, the infringement must be real, i.e. harm has already been caused or there is a real threat of its infliction. The latter is determined by you according to subjective assessments, based on the current situation.
Major groups of diverse sects - 1) foreign Protestant currents (American ones are especially numerous); 2) exotic sects of non-traditional ("Eastern") sense - both foreign and Russian; 3) "new religions" posing as "improved" traditional confessions (including "improved" Orthodoxy) or a successful combination of all confessions; 4) small occult groups associated, as a rule, with psychics, magicians, sorcerers, etc.; 5) Satanists.
Ways to reduce stress in the event of a job loss - First of all, protect your psyche from the "dismissed syndrome" - confusion, fatigue, intrigue, expectation and gossip. Leave the office where the conversation about layoffs begins, or transfer it to another topic. On Saturday and Sunday, do not allow yourself to think about work and talk about it: information starvation cleanses the psyche of toxins.
Environmental Safety - this is the protection of a person from exposure to a modified and contaminated environment.
Substances that are most environmentally hazardous - heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, pesticides, combustion products, dust, asbestos.
The most dangerous heavy metals are mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic.
Hazardous volatile organic compounds, their sources - it's toxic chemical substances, which can be in the air in a gaseous state. The most common sources of these compounds are solvents, cleaners and disinfectants, paints, adhesives, and pesticides.
Dioxin, conditions for obtaining, causes of human poisoning - dioxin is a by-product of the synthesis of chlorine derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons, which is practically not removed from the soil and the water system, is extremely toxic to animals and humans, even at very low levels. The main causes of human poisoning: 1) the expansion of the use of herbicides (drugs used to destroy vegetation), which leads to the accumulation of dioxin in food; 2) inhalation of ash particles and gases from waste incinerators and industrial thermal installations, as well as from the combustion of coal-containing materials in the presence of chlorine, since dioxin can be formed under these conditions. Chlorine derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) are dangerous due to the possible formation of a by-product, dioxin, during their synthesis.
According to the federal law "On the Protection of the Population and Territories from Emergencies ..." citizens have the right to
Protection of life, protection of health, protection of property, compensation for damage caused as a result of an emergency (all of the above).
Health is…
Physical, mental and social well-being.
A teenager is characterized by:
Discrepancy in the development of the cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels), pronounced instability of the nervous system, manifestation of the need to know oneself, increased criticality in relation to the opinions of adults, (all of the above).
Moderate exercise contributes to:
Increasing the intensity of metabolism, more rational consumption of body resources, increasing overall resistance, optimizing cardiac activity, (all of the above).
The optimal time for sleep in humans
What is stress
A special state of emotional stress that occurs under the influence of strong influences.
What causes minimat disease
Mercury poisoning from eating fish from polluted waters.
Does asbestos cause cancer
Average life expectancy after starting drug use
The hallmark of marijuana use is...
Excessive fun.
A sign of the use of marijuana is ...
Bloodshot eyes.
The sign of opium use is...
Indifference, narrow pupils.
Smoking does not cause
Removal of nervous tension.
Smokers have more deaths from chronic bronchitis than non-smokers.
15-20 times.
Smoking causes:
Gastric ulcers, genetic danger (morphological changes in spermatozoa), circulatory and thermoregulation disorders,
Cough and sputum, (all of the above).
Ethyl alcohol, which is the basis of alcoholic beverages, is
Narcotic protoplasmic poison.
Drinking beer does not cause:
Hormonal shifts due to the accumulation of phytoestrogens (analogues of female hormones) in the body, necrosis of brain cells (due to the high content of fusel oils), excessive formation of body fat (including in men), changes in the psyche, the development of apathy, indifference, lack of will , (all of the above).
Smoking during pregnancy causes:
An increase in the frequency of prematurity and insufficiency of fetal weight at birth, an increase in the frequency of miscarriages and premature births, an increase in the number of congenital developmental defects, deterioration in the physical and mental development of the child, (all of the above).
The consumption of vodka causes:
Harmful in any dose.
Plague is
Infectious disease related to especially dangerous quarantine infections.
The source of cholera infection is
The most reliable prevention of sexually transmitted infections is
Intelligibility in relationships, a constant partner, because even the use of condoms provides protection against infections by no more than 70%.
The symptom of gonorrhea is...
Pain when urinating.
The sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea is caused by...
Gonococcus.
How is the polio vaccine administered to the human body?
Through the mouth.
How is the smallpox vaccine administered to the human body?
By applying a superficial notch (cutaneously).
What diseases do you need to be vaccinated against?
Tetanus, measles.
What group of infectious diseases does diphtheria belong to?
To the group of blood infections.
What are the causes of infectious diseases
The penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into the human body.
What group of infectious diseases does dysentery belong to?
For intestinal infections.
Can AIDS be classified as a blood infection?
In general, yes, although the main way of contracting AIDS is sexual.
What infectious diseases are considered transmissible
Typhus, plague, malaria, tick-borne encephalitis.
If a person has endured infection so he's immune...
Active.
The object of the discipline "Life safety" is.
A complex of negatively affecting phenomena and processes in the "human-environment" system.
"life safety" is
A complex discipline, a field of scientific knowledge that studies the general dangers that threaten a person, and develops ways to protect against them and rules for safe behavior.
The emergency is
The situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural phenomenon, a catastrophe, which has a significant negative impact on people's livelihoods, the economy and the natural environment.
There is no group in the classification of emergencies according to the extraordinary event underlying
Socio-psychological character.
This environmental disaster
Emergencies caused under the influence of anthropogenic factors of the state of the environment.
Natural disaster is
A natural phenomenon of an extraordinary nature and capable of causing casualties and property damage.
MPC - maximum permissible concentration - is the concentration of a harmful substance ...
No harmful effects on humans.
What poses the greatest risk to people's safety
Motor transport.
What causes the greatest shortening of a person's life
Smoking with an intensity of 1 pack of cigarettes per day.
The main requirement for the quality of drinking water
Harmlessness.
Does unemployment contribute to the rise in mental and common illnesses?
Does survival depend on the intellect and state of mind of a person
What situations are called extreme?
Situations that are out of the ordinary.
The most environmentally friendly way to treat wastewater is
Mechanical.
Chlorination of water at water treatment plants is carried out in order to…
Destruction of microorganisms.
Hazardous waste includes...
radioactive waste.
The cause of dysbacteriosis is an increased content in meat and dairy products ...
antibiotics.
Smog can cause a person
Limiting opportunities for a person to work without sleep ...
Three days.
What is victimology
The science of victim behavior.
Are heavy metals classified as environmentally hazardous substances?
The most affordable improvised means that can be used in floods are ...
Plastic bottles with caps.
In what mode does the unified state system for the prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies (RSChS) work after receiving a warning about a possible natural disaster
On high alert.
What is a harbinger of a catastrophic earthquake
Spontaneous ignition of fluorescent lamps.
What is the most important event in the aftermath of a catastrophic earthquake in a city or a large-scale industrial disaster
Taking control of highways.
After the earthquake, you found a victim whose limb was pressed down by a floor slab for a long time and acted as follows:
They freed the leg from the plate and imposed a twist.
The causative agents of smallpox are:
Typhus is caused by...
Rickettsia.
An infectious disease is...
Typhoid fever.
The causative agents of anthrax, cholera, plague are
bacteria.
What color is the cloud of chlorine
Where to hide from a poisonous cloud of chlorine
On the upper floors of a multi-storey building.
The greatest protection against radiation provides ...
Basement of a one-story wooden house.
What are the acceptable levels of radiocesium in milk for children
When protecting the respiratory system from chlorine, the bandage should be moistened ...
2% solution of baking soda.
What is radioactivity
The process of spontaneous transformations of the nuclei of atoms of unstable elements, accompanied by the release of energy.
What instruments are used to detect ionizing radiation and measure their energy
Ammeters.???
What is measured in roentgens
exposure dose.
How many times weaken the ionizing radiation, the walls of a brick house
Like a cloud of chlorine floating through the air
Low to the surface of the earth.
When protecting the respiratory system from ammonia, moisten the bandage ...
2% acetic acid solution.
What color is the cloud of ammonia
White fog.
How to protect yourself from a cloud of poisonous gas in the field
Run perpendicular to the direction of the wind.
What to drip into the eyes with chlorine damage
30% solution of albucid.
The unit of measure for which is Curie.
The radioactivity of a substance.
How many times will the radioactivity of milk decrease if butter is made from it
The localization of the radionuclide cesium-137 in the human body is carried out ...
In all organs.
The localization of the radionuclide iodine-131 in the human body is carried out ...
In the thyroid gland.
How to degas an apartment contaminated with ammonia
bleach solution.
What is the becquerel unit of measurement?
The radioactivity of a substance.
You returned to your apartment at night and, smelling household gas, did the following:
Without turning on the light, we went to the window and opened it.
When you opened the door, you found smoke in the apartment and first of all did the following ...
Opened the faucets and drew water into the dishes
What type of fire extinguisher should be used to extinguish electrical wiring?
Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher.
How to wrap yourself in foil to save yourself from frost in the forest
Over underwear.
The main damaging factor of nuclear weapons is ...
Air shock wave.
The lights in your apartment have gone out. First of all, you…
Call your neighbors in the stairwell and ask: "Do you have a light?"
If you, a girl, find yourself in an elevator with a stranger, you should stand up to him
If you caught burglars with things in your apartment, then ...
Silently give thieves the opportunity to leave your apartment.
As a last resort against the bandit, you stab him...
In the eye with a finger.
They called your apartment, but no one is visible through the "peephole". You do the following...
Phone your neighbors on the landing and ask them to look through the peephole to see if anyone is squatting under your door.
The man was stabbed in the stomach, as a result of which his internal organs fell out. Your actions:
Without inserting organs, send the person to the hospital in a semi-sitting position.
A person unknown to you called your apartment at night and asked to be let in to call an ambulance. Your actions?
Do not let in, but call the ambulance yourself.
You escaped from the hands of the bandits, but they are chasing you along the night street, you decide ...
Break a shop window with a rock.
The poisonous substance lewisite smells...
What toxic substance causes a sweetish unpleasant taste in the mouth, weakness and dizziness, but after leaving the focus of infection, these sensations disappear and the victim feels normal for 4-6 hours
The toxic substance hydrocyanic acid has a smell ...
How to leave a burning apartment in a multi-storey burning building
Run to the elevator and use it.
How many times a day should the population be informed in case of an emergency?
4 times a day.
In which protective agent must operate in an atmosphere of carbon monoxide
In a filtering gas mask with a hopcolite cartridge.
The first civil defense signal is...
"Attention everyone!".
Energy consumption is higher when working ...
In a forced position.
Physical hazards include...
Lifting vehicles.
What is included in the concept of "safety at work"
This state of working conditions, in which the impact on workers of dangerous and harmful production factors excluded.
What is the "retirement syndrome"
In confusion, fatigue, expectations.
Chemical hazards include...
Dust in the processing of plastics with harmful fillers.
What kind of general ventilation should be created at the workplace in a normal microclimate? Air consumption per person should be ...
30 cu. m/h
The concept of "maximum permissible value" is used ...
To assess the harmful production factor.
The optimal workload for a woman is...
1500 kg-m/shift.
The optimal workload for a man is...
2500 kg-m/shift.
What will be the pulse of a person working indoors at a temperature of +32° WITH
150 beats per minute.
The ideal temperature for the workplace is...
Optimum lighting in the workplace is...
200 lux. (measured in lux).
The optimal air velocity in the workplace is ...
The optimal vibration in the workplace is…
In what units is noise intensity measured?
In decibels.
What kind of noise causes pain and damage to the hearing aid
How far does current flow from a current-carrying wire?
From 2 to 30 meters.
The optimal noise level in the workplace is...
Is there man-made radiation
A medical product for protecting the human thyroid gland from iodine-131 radionuclide is…
Potassium iodide.
The localization of the radionuclide strontium-90 in the human body is carried out ...
in bone tissue.
Causes disease in humans.
In no case should artificial respiration be given to those affected by what type of toxic substances
Suffocating action.
What are repellents
Substances that repel flying insects.
What group of toxins does aflatoxin belong to?
Anaerobically produced toxins.
What are herbicides
Chemical preparations used to destroy vegetation.
What are pesticides
Chemicals used to control pests.
Means for accelerating the excretion of cesium-137 from the human body
Ferrocin.
What are the acceptable levels of strontium-90 in milk for children
The necessary position of the patient in acute heart failure is ...
How to stop arterial bleeding
The imposition of a twist above the place of bleeding.
The symptom of myocardial infarction is...
Lowering blood pressure.
How is the abbreviation RSChS deciphered?
Russian system of warning and action in emergency situations
What document defines the main activities carried out under various modes of operation of the RSChS?
Decree of the Government of 2003 No. 794 "On a unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations"
What subsystems does the RSChS include?
Territorial (created in the subjects of the Russian Federation) and functional (created by the Ministries of the Russian Federation)
What are the levels of RSChS?
Federal, interregional, regional, municipal and facility
The coordinating body of the RSChS at the facility level is ...
Object commissions for emergencies (CoES)
What modes of operation of the RSChS can be established depending on the situation?
Daily activities, high alert and emergency
The high alert regime of the RSChS is being introduced under the conditions of ...?
Deterioration of the production and industrial, radiation, chemical, biological (bacteriological), seismic and hydrometeorological situation and when receiving a forecast about the possibility of an emergency.
The intensity of an earthquake characterizes...?
Magnitude (released energy)
On what scale is the intensity of an earthquake on the Earth's surface estimated?
12-point earthquake intensity scale MSK - 64
What type of flood is called a flood?
Phase of the water regime of the river; a relatively short-term and non-periodic rise in the water level in the river, caused by increased melting of snow, glaciers or an abundance of rain
The zone of catastrophic flooding is the territory where the flooding has a depth of …?
1.5 m or more and can lead to the destruction of buildings and structures, the death of people, the failure of equipment of enterprises
Which normative value wind pressure for the territory of the Russian Federation according to building codes?
Wo, kPa (kgf/m2) 0.17 (17) 0.23 (23) 0.30 (30) 0.38 (38) 0.48 (48) 0.60 (60) 0.73 (73) 0.85 (85)
A breakthrough wave formed during the destruction of a hydraulic structure is characterized by ...?
Speed, height and depth of the breakthrough wave, water temperature, lifetime of the breakthrough wave
What is the most dangerous hurricane period in Russia?
spring-summer
Emergency- it …?
The situation in a certain territory resulting from an accident, natural hazard, catastrophe, natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of living conditions
What is the name, in accordance with Government Decree No. 304 of May 21, 2007, for an emergency, the territory of which affects the territory of two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation?
Interregional character
Liquidation of local emergencies is carried out by forces and means...?
Organizations
What kind of emergency is an emergency situation with the amount of material damage not exceeding 100 thousand rubles in accordance with the Government Decree of 21.5.07 No. 304?
Local
At what number of affected people does an emergency refer to an emergency of a regional nature in accordance with Government Decree No. 304 of May 21, 2007?
50< N ≤ 500
What type of emergency are the sources of which are accidents, fires, explosions?
man-made
Objects on which they use, produce, process; store or transport radioactive, fire - explosive, hazardous chemical and biological substances are ...?
Hazardous production facilities
The damaging factor of the source of the emergency is...?
Physical, chemical or biological negative effect on a person or object, which is determined or expressed by the relevant parameters
The damaging effect of a shock air wave is characterized by parameters?
Excessive pressure in the air-blast front and air velocity pressure ΔРsk (dynamic load) on a person, any surface
What is the main parameter that characterizes the damaging effect of light radiation from a nuclear explosion?
Light pulse (Isi)
The damaging effect of a hazardous chemical is estimated ...?
A) by behavior on the ground: persistent and unstable agents, b) by danger to human health and life: fatal and temporarily incapacitating,
C) according to the effect on the body: nerve-paralytic action, general poisonous, suffocating, skin-blistering, psychochemical and irritating
What is the main parameter that characterizes the thermal impact on a person and materials on the surfaces of objects?
Temperature
What parameter characterizes the damaging effect of ionizing radiation on a person?
Exposure dose of radiation
The main damaging factor of a thermonuclear munition with a power of 0.5 ... 2 kt?
Ionization of living tissue, leading to disruption of the vital functions of individual systems and the body as a whole, the development of radiation sickness
When assessing the baric impact, the following degrees of destruction of buildings and structures are taken ...?
Weak - the object does not fail, minor repairs are needed; medium - when mainly secondary elements of the object are destroyed, the main elements can be restored by conducting an average and overhaul; strong - when the main elements of the object are destroyed and the object cannot be restored. For residential and industrial buildings, the fourth degree is usually taken - their complete destruction.
At what degree of destruction can a building be restored?
Weak-medium
What degree of destruction is enough to get industrial building to be considered out of order?
What degree of destruction is enough for a residential building to be considered out of order?
The volume and nature of losses and destruction at the facility of the economy in emergency situations depends on ...?
From the nature of the impact of damaging factors, from the timeliness and scale of measures taken in advance to prepare for functioning in wartime and peacetime emergencies directly at the object of the economy
At what degree of destruction of the building is most of the load-bearing structures preserved?
The zone of weak destruction in the focus of nuclear damage is characterized by excess pressure in ...?
The most important characteristic of the danger of OHV is ...?
Toxicity - the ability to have a damaging effect on the body
The concentration of OHV that causes the initial symptoms of the lesion is ...?
Threshold concentration
The number of workers, employees and the population located in the predicted zone of chemical contamination of 40 to 75 thousand people. determines the degree of danger XOO ...?
extremely dangerous
What method of storing hazardous chemicals is called "isothermal"?
Storage of liquefied gases under a small overpressure, close to atmospheric at a temperature somewhat lower than the condensation temperature of a given gas (ammonia, chlorine, etc.). The necessary temperature and gas pressure in the storage facility are maintained by the removal and condensation of the evaporating gas.
What is the most common chemical emergency substance?
To the most common in industry and agriculture both in the country and in the world, AHOV should include: ammonia (up to 55% of the total mass of AHOV).
Based on the physical and chemical properties of chlorine, where is it advisable for people to be in case of an accident with the release of chlorine into the atmosphere, based on the number of storeys of the Buildings?
On the upper floors and roof
What is meant by the term degassing?
Destruction (neutralization) of emergency chemical hazardous substances(chemical warfare agents) or their removal from the contaminated surface, terrain, structures, clothing, etc.
What is deactivation?
Removal of radioactive substances from the contaminated area, from the surface of buildings, structures, equipment, clothing, personal protective equipment, water, food
The natural decline in the activity of radionuclides over time during an accident at a nuclear power plant compared to the decay of the products of a nuclear explosion ...?
Longer
What determines the decrease in radiation levels on the trail of a radioactive cloud?
Dose of γ-radiation received during the time before the complete decay of radioactive substances D∞, (rad), or radiation dose rate 1 hour after the explosion P1, (rad/h)
α-radiation is...?
Ionizing radiation, consisting of α-particles (helium nuclei 2/4 He), has a very low penetrating power. Hazardous to humans only in case of direct skin contact
What determines the danger of ionizing radiation?
Exposure dose of radiation, measured in coulombs per kilogram
What is the dose rate limit of natural background radiation for the territory of our region?
4 to 12 µR/h
Which of the protective measures is inherent only in emergency situations caused by a radiation accident?
Iodine prophylaxis
The poisonous substance "sarin" refers to HCV...?
Unstable agents - have a boiling point below 140 ° C and high volatility, combat state - steam that creates an infected cloud that spreads with the wind
Nerve action
The term "binary chemical munition" means that the munition...?
In ammunition, during the shot, the partition between the two non-toxic components is destroyed, resulting in a chemical reaction.
The biological agents that form the basis of the damaging effect of biological weapons include ...?
The basis of the damaging effect of biological weapons is made up of specially selected biological agents (bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi) capable of causing infectious diseases if they enter the body of people, animals (plants).
Hotbed of chemical damageCalled...?
The territory within which, as a result of exposure to hazardous chemical substances, mass injuries of people, farm animals and plants occurred.
Which of the toxic substances is included in the group of agents of general toxic action?
Hydrocyanic acid
How long do poisonous substances (VX, soman, mustard gas) retain their damaging effect when the area is contaminated in the summer?
VX 1-3 days, mustard gas 2 days. Soman 1 day
Which of the toxic substances is included in the group of asphyxiating agents?
What is the level of radiation at the outer border of the zones of radioactive contamination for 1 hour after a nuclear explosion?
Zone A 0.14 rad/h, Zone B 1.4 rad/h, Zone C 4.2 rad/h, Zone D 14 rad/h
What are the main damaging factors of nuclear weapons?
Air shock wave, Light radiation, Penetrating radiation, Radiation contamination of the area, Electromagnetic pulse
What type of munitions are from 100 kt to 1 Mt?
The ability of a material to attenuate γ-radiation and neutrons is usually characterized by ...?
half attenuation layer
The dose of radioactive radiation from a nuclear explosion depends on...?
Half-life of radioactive substances
The ability of an object to weaken γ-radiation and neutrons is usually characterized by ...?
Attenuation factor
What is not a source of radioactive contamination from a nuclear explosion?
Air shock wave (SW), Electromagnetic impulse
What degree of burns are caused by a light pulse of 420…630 kJ/m2?
third degree
What degree of radiation sickness can occur during acute irradiation of the human body with a dose of 200-400 rem?
200-250 first degree 250 -200 second degree
What severity will a person get injured when they are in the zone of impact of a shock wave with a pressure of 90 kPa?
Third degree - severe damage (severe contusion of the whole body, loss of consciousness, fractures of limbs, damage to internal organs)
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in completely destroyed buildings, damage is received by ...?
100% staff
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in heavily damaged buildings, damage is received by ...?
60% of staff
When determining the probability of damage to personnel, it is considered that in buildings that have received medium damage, damage is received by ...?
30% of staff
A piece of ammunition with what kinetic energy is called "lethal"?
Eu =10 kgm/cm2
Civil defense is...?
A system of measures to prepare for the protection and to protect the population, material and cultural values on the territory of the Russian Federation from the dangers arising from the conduct of hostilities or as a result of these actions, as well as in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.
What is one of the main principles of civil defense organization on the territory of the Russian Federation?
Protection of the population throughout the country
Which authority has authority state power RF is included Implementation of the Plan of Civil Defense and Protection of the Population of the Russian Federation on the territory of the Russian Federation or in its individual areas in full or in part?
President of Russian Federation
Under what conditions is the degree of readiness of civil defense "" introduced?
In the context of a growing external military threat or internal armed conflicts
What law defines the tasks in the field of Civil Defense of the Russian Federation?
Federal Law on Civil Defense Adopted by the State Duma on December 26, 1997 Approved by the Federation Council on January 28, 1998
When carrying out measures of what degree of civil defense readiness at an economic facility, food and medicines are placed in shelters?
Priority activities of civil defense of the 2nd group
When carrying out measures of what degree of readiness of civil defense at the facility of the economy, workers and employees are issued personal protective equipment?
Priority activities of civil defense of the 2nd group
What regulatory document defines the basic requirements for the sustainable operation of economic facilities in emergency situations?
PP RF No. 841
The study of the stability of the OE should be carried out at least ...?
1 time in 5 years
The stability of the functioning of the object of the economy is ...?
The ability to prevent the occurrence of accidents and disasters, to resist the impact of their damaging factors in order to prevent or limit the threat to life and health of personnel living near the population, reduce material damage, and also ensure the restoration of disturbed production in the shortest possible time
Measures for the FSP of the object of the economy should be carried out ...?
In peacetime
Is ensuring the protection of working personnel one of the main directions for increasing the sustainability of an economic object?
The stability of the object of the economy in emergency situations is characterized by ...?
1. Reliability of personnel protection
2. Reliability of production assurance
3. Ability to restore production
4. Availability of trained civil defense formations
What are the ways to increase the stability of the functioning of the MA in emergency situations?
1. Ensuring the protection of workers, employees, members of their families, the population and their livelihoods.
2. Rational distribution of the productive forces of organizations in the relevant territory.
3. Preparation of organizations for work in emergency situations and in wartime.
4. Preparation for the performance of work on the restoration of production.
5. Preparation of a control system for solving problems in emergency situations and in wartime.
What criteria determine the assignment of OE to the categories of civil defense?
Whether or not the facility functions in wartime, that is, it has a mobilization task and what are its production indicators (production output, volumes of oil products pumped, etc.)
What is the determining factor for the dispersed placement of economic objects across the territory of the Russian Federation (subjects of the Russian Federation)?
The significance of objects for the state and the population
Where are medical personal protective equipment issued to the non-working population?
In the special Pick-up points, the locations of which are determined by local authorities
Financing of expenses for the creation of facility reserves of material resources for the elimination of emergencies is carried out at the expense of ...?
- budget funds municipality urban district "Usinsk" - municipal reserve of financial and material resources;
— own funds of organizations — facility reserves of financial and material resources.
What measures are taken to increase the stability and mechanical strength of buildings?
Constructed buildings and structures are reinforced with metal racks and beams to increase their strength.
Workshops can be assembled from lightweight structures. In this case, when destroyed, they will damage the equipment to a lesser extent.
Low structures are partially sprinkled with soil to increase strength (Figure 60).
Tall structures (pipes, towers, towers, columns) are fixed with braces to strengthen their structure.
Structures where flammable liquids (flammable liquids) and explosives (explosives) are stored should be surrounded by an earth rampart.
It is advisable to build pipelines for various purposes buried in the ground, which increases their stability by 5-7 times. Dams are built to protect facilities located in areas of possible flooding.
To ensure the reliability and efficiency of production management during emergencies at economic facilities, it is advisable to create management groups ...?
Non-staff emergency rescue teams (NASF)
Special importance, first, second, uncategorized
Deployment of evacuation units is carried out with the introduction of the degree of readiness of GO ...?
Electric sirens as a means of alerting civil defense are intended for ... ?
Population Alerts
The exclusion of exposure of people to doses higher than permissible in the contaminated area is ensured by ...?
Timely notification and issuance of PPE
What is the main way to protect the population in wartime?
Lead time of preparation and implementation of civil defense protective measures throughout the country
What is the name of the territory located outside the zones of possible destruction, possible dangerous chemical contamination, possible catastrophic flooding, and also outside the zones of possible dangerous radioactive contamination?
suburban area
Depending on the scale, features of the emergence and development of hostilities, the conditions of the situation, evacuation happens ...?
Dispersal, general evacuation, partial evacuation
Upon receiving the signal "Attention everyone!" necessary …?
Having heard the signal, you must turn on the TV, radio, radio broadcasting network loudspeaker and listen to the message of local authorities or authorities for civil defense and emergency situations
Prefabricated shelters are being built with the introduction of the degree of readiness of civil defense ...?
For what period of continuous stay of the sheltered should the civil defense shelters be designed?
At least 2 days
What pressure in the shock wave front should be protected from by an anti-radiation shelter in the zone of possible weak damage during a nuclear explosion?
A civil defense shelter is considered small in terms of capacity if its capacity is…?
On the objects of the economy of asylum are being built class ...?
The collection radius of GOs sheltered in protective structures is ...?
The gathering radius of those sheltered in shelters should be such as to ensure timely shelter of workers and employees on a signal
"Air Alert"
The mode of complete isolation in the air supply of the shelter is ...?
The full isolation mode provides for: complete isolation of the shelter from the outside air, turning off ventilation systems (except for recirculation systems), prohibiting people from entering and exiting the shelter. To create a backwater in the shelter in this mode, it is allowed to supply a minimum volume of outdoor air with the combustion of carbon monoxide in it in a special filter.
The main means of protecting the respiratory organs from radioactive substances are ...?
To protect the respiratory organs from radioactive dust, anti-dust respirators are used, from contact with skin and clothing - various types of capes and protective clothing.
The main means of individual protection of the population from hazardous chemicals of inhalation action are ...?
Civil gas masks GP-5, GP-7, GP-7VM, GP-VS
The simplest means of personal respiratory protection include ...?
PPE includes gas masks, respirators, insulating breathing apparatus, a set of additional cartridges, a hopcolite cartridge.
According to the principle of protective action RPE are divided into filtering and insulating.
The simplest cotton-gauze dressings (VMP) reliably protect the human respiratory organs from RV, harmful aerosols and biological agents, if they are moistened ...?
If they are moistened with a 2% solution of baking soda or a 5% solution of citric acid, then protection against chlorine and ammonia vapors will be provided to a certain extent.
The individual first-aid kit AI-2 is designed to prevent damage to people ...?
The individual first-aid kit AI-2 is designed to provide first aid in case of FOV poisoning, radiation or bacterial contamination, and injuries.
Personal protective equipment is issued to employees of enterprises located in cities assigned to civil defense groups when the degree of readiness of civil defense is introduced ...?
First degree
Is it necessary to train in the field of protection of the population and territories the population not employed in the spheres of production and services?
Subject to
Are wages kept for employees of enterprises involved in exercises and training?
Saved
Where is the training of personnel of non-standard emergency rescue teams (NASF) of the civil defense?
Classes are held in training campuses, in areas of the area or on the territory of the organization.
What is the volume of annual classes conducted with employees of enterprises that are not part of the NASF GO?
Object training for up to eight hours every three years
What are the training methods for OE personnel on civil defense issues?
Protection of the population is carried out by carrying out a set of measures, which can be divided into three groups:
1) preventive measures;
2) protective measures;
3) emergency recovery measures (works).
The main form of training for the leaders of non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense is ...?
". The order indicates the goals and objectives of training and specific activities with the deadlines for their implementation and performers. The duration of the academic year, the composition of study groups (their number should not exceed 25 people), the leaders of these groups, the time and place of classes for each group are determined , the procedure for conducting final classes for the academic year, exercises and training in civil defense.
What document determines the procedure for training the OE personnel on civil defense issues annually?
"On the organization of education and training of management personnel, workers and employees and formations of civil defense"
What organizations create non-standard rescue teams of civil defense?
It is recommended to use the accumulated experience in the creation, training and use of forces and means of civil defense and a unified state system for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations, including the experience of creating, manning, technical equipment and training of civil defense organizations, in relation to modern conditions and tasks.
Non-standard emergency rescue formations of civil defense are completed from employees of organizations ...?
It is completed at the expense of employees of organizations from among men aged 18 to 60 years, women - from 18 to 55 years old, with the exception of those liable for military service who have mobilization orders, disabled groups I, II, III, pregnant women, women with children under the age of 8 years old, as well as women who have received secondary and higher medical education, who have children under 3 years old. Persons liable for military service who have mobilization orders may be included in these formations for the period prior to their conscription (mobilization).
The activities of non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense are carried out on the basis of ...?
The changes introduced clarify and concretize the scope of activities of non-standard emergency rescue teams (classified as forces
Civil Defense), determine the procedure for their creation and application to solve the problems of civil defense.
The enrollment of citizens in the composition of emergency rescue teams is carried out by order of the head of the organization.
The composition, structure and equipment of non-standard rescue teams of civil defense at the facility level of the RSChS determine ...?
The composition, structure and equipment of the NASF OE are determined by the organizations that create them, based on the possible tasks assigned to them for the prevention and elimination of emergency situations, taking into account the order of the Russian Emergencies Ministry of 23.12.05. No. 999 "On approval of the procedure for the creation of non-regular emergency rescue teams."
What is the age limit for enrolling women in non-standard emergency rescue units of civil defense?
Women - from 18 to 55 years old
Non-standard emergency rescue formations of high readiness civil defense have a readiness period ...?
For non-standard emergency rescue units, the alert time should not exceed: in peacetime - 24 hours, in wartime - 6 hours
What federal law defines the rights and obligations of lifeguards?
The main provisions for the certification of emergency rescue services, emergency rescue teams and rescuers, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 22, 1997 No. 1479;
What methods are used to search for victims in an emergency?
1.Organoleptic examination of the work site: - visual inspection - combing; - probing; - search by footprints; - search using vehicles.2. Cynological.3.Technical (acoustic instruments, magnetometers, thermal imagers, radio search, fiber optic probes ...).4. According to eyewitnesses.5. Study of reporting and project documentation.
Who manages the ASDNR, the life support of the population and coordinates the actions of the authorities and forces of the RSChS in the emergency zone?
The leaders of emergency rescue services and formations, who arrived in the emergency zone first, assume the powers of the head of the emergency response (RLChS), established in accordance with the Legislation of the Russian Federation.
What is the main purpose of reconnaissance in emergency zones in the interests of civil defense?
Intelligence constantly provides the commander (leader) with data on: the radiation and chemical conditions, the nature of the destruction of buildings, fires, access routes to work sites, places of accumulation of the affected, protective structures, the condition and conditions for saving people in them, as well as the nature of damage to communal energy and technological networks.
What is the main focus of ASDNR efforts?
Works on opening blocked protective structures, supplying air to them, arranging transitions, stairs, ladders and other equipment to rescue the victims.
What departments are included in the consolidated team of the object of the economy?
Non-military civil defense formations. Paramilitary units of the Civil Defense. Forces and means of the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Health.
What actions can determine that the victim is alive?
Check if the person is breathing, feel the pulse
Which of the stages of disaster forecasting provides for the early identification and assessment of the situation in the conditions of possible emergencies in the area of the OE location in order to plan measures to protect the OE personnel and the population?
At the third stage the research results are summarized. A report is being compiled, and measures are being developed and planned to improve the sustainability of organizations.
The results of what forecasting stage are used to clarify earlier decisions on the protection of people and personnel of the OE and on the implementation of work to eliminate emergencies?
The results of what forecasting stage are used to clarify earlier decisions on the emergency protection of the OE personnel and the population and the organization of intelligence in the emergency zone?
What is meant by assessing the situation in the interests of protecting the population and territories from emergencies?
Assessment of the situation includes the solution of the main tasks to determine the impact of the damaging factors of the sources of emergency situations on the operation of the MA, the vital activity of the population and the actions of the emergency response forces.
Which of the meteorological conditions is used in predicting the consequences of an accident with the release of hazardous chemicals?
Ambient temperature
At what degree of air stability are the most favorable conditions for the spread of chemical contamination?
What criterion underlies the calculations of radiation protection regimes?
The maximum allowable dose (MPD) of exposure to people, which does not lead to loss of their working capacity and illness from radiation sickness.
Extreme situation - an out-of-the-ordinary situation.
Emergency - the situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or have caused human life, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of people's living conditions.
The difference between an emergency and an emergency - emergency situations differ from extreme ones primarily in their scale and severity of consequences.
Reasons why a person finds himself in extreme situations - the person is in extreme situations for various reasons, but perhaps most often this happens through his own fault - as a result of a lack of experience in safe behavior or disregard for the norms, safety rules, hindsight, and sometimes frivolity.
Toxic substances contained in the smoke from a fire Smoke contains carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic products of combustion and pyrolysis, hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen chloride, and even phosgene.
Dangerous household chemicals - cosmetics (lotions, colognes), insecticides (chlorophos, karbofos, dichlorvos), repellents (drugs against flying insects), acid and alkali (80% solution of acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, carbolic acid).
Help with acid and alkali poisoning - We need to call an ambulance. It is strictly forbidden to independently wash the affected stomach. This procedure will only increase vomiting, swelling of the larynx, the ingress of acids and alkalis into the respiratory tract. The stomach of such patients is washed with a special probe. To avoid re-burning action of acids and alkalis on the mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus, let the victim drink 2-3 glasses of water, no more!
Balanced nutrition and its role for life safety A balanced diet is a diet that provides enough variety of food to meet the body's need for nutrients. It is known that a person will die if he does not take food for several weeks; and with poor nutrition, he will lose weight and weaken.
The main types of toxins that cause food poisoning - 1) Butulism, 2) Staphylococcal enterotoxins, 3) Food mycotoxins produced by fungi, 4) Pathogenic bacteria.
Violation of safety rules in the subway - the most dangerous thing is to break them on the escalator. If you do not hold on to the handrail, when the car comes to an emergency stop, the momentum of the movement will throw you forward. A suitcase that you did not hold or put on the handrail will rush down, knocking down other passengers and lamps.
Actions in the event of a crash or sudden braking of a passenger train - the most important thing at the same time is to be well fixed, to prevent your movement forward or throws to the sides. To do this, you can grab the handrails and rest your feet on something (a wall or a seat).
Safety rules for railway transport - 1) do not open the outer doors when the train is moving, do not stand on the steps; 2) do not lean out of the windows; 3) carefully place luggage on the upper luggage racks; 4) do not pluck without emergency emergency brake; 5) smoke only in designated areas; 6) do not carry flammable and explosive substances with you; 7) do not include household appliances in the car electrical network; 8) if you smell burning rubber or smoke, contact the conductor immediately; 9) do not hide your eyes at the dangerous behavior of your fellow travelers or guides - you have every right to protect your temporary home.
Actions of passengers in case of fire in the passenger compartment - First, immediately inform the driver about this: do not forget that his attention is drawn mainly to the road. Second, open the doors with the emergency release button. If this fails, and the interior fills with smoke, break the side windows (holding the handrail, kick both feet into the corner of the window) or open them as emergency exits according to the instructions (for example, using a special built-in cord). Thirdly, if possible, put out the fire yourself with a fire extinguisher, if there is one in the cabin, or by covering the fire with outer clothing.
Determination of the legitimacy of self-defense - First, the encroachment should not be insignificant. Violence, robbery - this is significant. But bullying is not always the case. For example, responding to a verbal insult with a blow is contraindicated. Secondly, the encroachment must be real, that is, the harm has already been caused or there is a real threat of its infliction. The latter is determined by you according to subjective assessments, based on the current situation.
Major groups of diverse sects — 1) foreign Protestant currents (American ones are especially numerous); 2) exotic sects of non-traditional ("Eastern") sense - both foreign and Russian; 3) "new religions" posing as "improved" traditional confessions (including "improved" Orthodoxy) or a successful combination of all confessions; 4) small occult groups associated, as a rule, with psychics, magicians, sorcerers, etc.; 5) Satanists.
Ways to reduce stress in the event of a job loss - First of all, protect your psyche from the "dismissed syndrome" - confusion, fatigue, intrigue, expectation and gossip. Leave the office where the conversation about layoffs begins, or transfer it to another topic. On Saturday and Sunday, do not allow yourself to think about work and talk about it: information starvation cleanses the psyche of toxins.
Environmental Safety is the protection of a person from exposure to a modified and contaminated environment.
Substances that are most environmentally hazardous — heavy metals, volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, pesticides, combustion products, dust, asbestos.
The most dangerous heavy metals are mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic.
Hazardous volatile organic compounds, their sources are toxic chemicals that can be found in the air in a gaseous state. The most common sources of these compounds are solvents, cleaners and disinfectants, paints, adhesives, and pesticides.
Dioxin, conditions for obtaining, causes of human poisoning - dioxin is a by-product of the synthesis of chlorine derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons, which is practically not removed from the soil and the water system, is extremely toxic to animals and humans, even at very low levels. The main causes of human poisoning: 1) the expansion of the use of herbicides (drugs used to destroy vegetation), which leads to the accumulation of dioxin in food; 2) inhalation of ash particles and gases from waste incinerators and industrial thermal installations, as well as from the combustion of coal-containing materials in the presence of chlorine, since dioxin can be formed under these conditions. Chlorine derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene) are dangerous due to the possible formation of a by-product, dioxin, during their synthesis.
Ensuring the stability of the organization's work in emergency situations of war and peacetime is one of the main tasks Russian system warnings and actions in emergency situations (RSChS).
Organizational sustainability is:
its ability in emergency situations to withstand the impact of damaging factors in order to maintain production output in the planned volume and range;
limiting or preventing a threat to the life and health of personnel, the public, as well as material damage to the organization;
ensuring the restoration of people's health and disrupted production in the shortest possible time.
The stability of the organization in emergency situations is ensured by:
the degree of reliability of personnel protection;
the ability to withstand the damaging factors of industrial facilities;
operational reliability technological equipment and power supply systems;
continuity of material and technical supply and sales;
readiness of personnel and the population to conduct rescue and other urgent operations (R&D), as well as work to restore production;
reliability and continuity of the decisive action of the control system.
The main requirements for the sustainable functioning of the organization are set out in the "Standards for the design of engineering and technical measures" (ITM-GO).
Assessment of the resistance of organizations to the impact of damaging factors of various emergencies is:
in timely detection of the most probable emergencies in the given territory;
in the operational analysis and assessment of the damaging factors of emergency situations;
in an objective assessment of the state of the organization and its elements as a result of emergency situations;
in determining the maximum values of damaging parameters;
in the urgency of determining the main activities and the decisiveness of actions to ensure the sustainability of the organization.
The main criterion in assessing sustainability is the limit of the organization's resistance to the parameters of the damaging factors of emergencies, namely:
mechanical damaging parameters: shock wave, kPa; breakthrough wave height, m; earthquake intensity, points;
thermal (light) radiation: thermal impulse leading to ignition, burn, kJ/m2;
chemical contamination (lesion): damaging toxic dose, mg min/l;
radioactive contamination (irradiation): the permissible level of radiation at which one can work, rad / h; permissible radiation dose, Sv, rem;
moral and psychological stability of society: adaptation time, h; coefficient of psycho-emotional stability, %.
Identification of the most probable emergencies is determined based on the type of organization, the nature of the technological process, the characteristics of the geographical area, the internal layout and development of the territory, the flexibility and reliability of communications and control systems. For example, for a refrigeration plant, the impact of an explosion, chemical contamination with ammonia, fire, flood (if located near a river), earthquake (if located in a seismic area) is possible.
The maximum possible parameters of defeat from emergency situations are determined in the organization by calculation or by the headquarters of civil defense and emergency situations operating in the given territory. In the absence of such data, the average values of the parameters that cause the destruction of buildings are accepted. Parameters can be of the following values:
shock wave: DRf = 10, 20, 30, 40 kPa;
earthquake intensity: I3 = V, VI, VII, VIII, XI points;
breakthrough wave height: hB = 3, 6, 7 m.
The assessment of the degree of resistance to the impact of mechanical damaging factors (LRf, I3, hB) consists in clarifying the stability limit of each element, subdivision of the organization (according to the minimum value of pressures that cause average destruction).
The conclusion about the stability of the organization to mechanical damaging factors is made by comparing the found limit of the organization's stability with the expected maximum (actual). If APhm is greater than ARfmax, then the organization is stable; if APIim is less than ARfmax, then the organization is not stable. It is advisable to increase the stability limit of an organization to ARfmax if it is necessary to increase the stability limits of a small number of elements in order to restore it.
Assessment of the organization's resistance to thermal (light) radiation is to determine:
the maximum thermal impulse (Ummax) expected on the element of the organization (separate object);
the degree of fire resistance of the elements of the organization (I-V), depending on the ignition temperature of the structures tair;
categories of fire hazard of production (A-D) based on the detection of the presence of combustible building materials, substances;
values of thermal impulses at which materials ignite (UTflag);
limit of resistance of the building to thermal radiation and comparison with the expected maximum thermal impulse.
The limit of the organization's resistance to impact thermal radiation consider the minimum value of the thermal (light) pulse, at which ignition of combustible materials occurs and a fire occurs.
The assessment of the stability of the organization's work in the event of a chemical emergency includes:
determination of the time during which the territory of the organization will be dangerous for people;
analysis chemical environment, affecting the performance of production processes;
identification of the scope of personnel protection.
The limit of the organization's resistance to chemical contamination is the threshold toxic dose (Dptoks), which leads to the appearance of initial signs of damage to personnel and reduces their performance.
Evaluation of the stability of the organization in terms of radioactive contamination (contamination) includes:
assessment radiation situation;
determination of personnel exposure doses;
radiation losses and disability.
The stability limit of an organization under conditions of radioactive contamination is the limiting value of the radiation level (P, hm) on the territory of the organization, at which production activities are still possible in the usual mode (two shifts), and at the same time the personnel will not receive a dose higher than the established one (Dust).
It is possible to use as a stability limit the dose limits at which people are resettled from the emergency zone. By comparing with the maximum possible level of radiation P1max, and the radiation dose Dp with the established Dust, they give a conclusion about the stability of the organization. The organization is stable if PIim is greater than P^3*, Dp is less than Dust. The permissible level of radiation on the territory of the organization in peacetime is assumed to be 0.7 mR/h.
The limits of the psycho-emotional stability of production personnel to the damaging factors of emergency situations are the time of adaptation of a person to emergency conditions (T) and the coefficient of personnel stability (K).
The adaptation time depends on the state of the human nervous system and is characterized by the following stages:
vital reaction - behavior aimed at saving life (15 min);
psycho-emotional shock, in which the critical assessment of the situation decreases (3-5 hours);
psychological demobilization, panic mood (up to 3 days);
stabilization of well-being (3-10 days).
It is possible to reduce Ta by psychophysiological selection of people, practical training of them in developing skills of action in a specific emergency and training in the use of personal protective equipment. In emergency situations, stress and mental trauma are possible, leading to the appearance of a "disaster syndrome" (up to 75% of people). The psycho-emotional stability of society in emergency situations is the ability to effectively conduct rescue operations. It is determined by the value:
Where Nis is the number of people who have maintained a normal mental state;
Ntot is the total number of people affected by the negative impact of the disaster.
Boost Bush can be exhaustive speech information, the creation of "safety zones", the intake of sedative medications and involvement in active work to eliminate emergencies.
The stability of energy supply and logistics systems depends on the stability of external and internal energy sources, the stable operation of raw material suppliers, the availability of backup and alternative sources of supply. An indicator of the sustainability of work on energy sources and MTS is the time of uninterrupted operation of the organization in offline mode.
For the normal operation of the organization, sustainable management in emergency situations is necessary. The limit of control stability is the time during which notification, communication, and security are uninterruptedly provided.
After determining the stability limit of the functioning of the organization, the following measures are planned and implemented to increase its sustainability:
prevention of the causes of emergencies (refusal of potentially dangerous equipment, improvement of technological processes, education and training of personnel);
prevention of emergencies (the use of blocking devices in automation systems, strict observance of production discipline);
mitigation of the consequences of emergencies (increasing the strength, fire resistance of equipment, creating stocks, emergency stop production);
providing protection from possible damaging factors by distance, limiting the time of work, the use of protective screens and personal protective equipment.
The main activities to improve the sustainability of the organization's work can be assessed by efficiency and cost-effectiveness.
Efficiency is achieved by a comprehensive assessment of all damaging factors of emergency situations.
Cost-effectiveness is achieved by linking measures to prevent emergencies with the activities of the organization's daily production activities. A necessary condition for the cost-effectiveness of measures to improve sustainability is the fulfillment of the condition: 
where Cim is the cost of engineering and technical measures to improve sustainability;
Yn is the estimated (revealed) total damage in case of emergency.
The most complete assessment of the implementation of preventive measures to improve the sustainability of the organization can be an indicator of economic efficiency:
where R is the degree of destruction of the object.
The more an organization invests in preventive measures to improve the sustainability of the organization's work, the less likely it is that an emergency will occur.
Based on the materials of the book - "Life Safety" Edited by prof. E. A. Arustamova.
