Sanitary and technical requirements for premises. IV

The wine industry is located in industrial buildings, which must satisfy both the general requirements for industrial buildings and structures, as well as special requirements related with the technology of wine products, the specifics of the equipment and the functional features of individual production facilities.

Plants of primary winemaking, intended for the processing of grapes into wine materials, are usually placed in one-story buildings made of standard prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and standardized parts or from local building materials.

Buildings for holding, processing and stored with wine ateri l o v can be above ground or underground (cellars), one-story and multi-storey. For reinforced concrete multi-storey wine storage facilities, a grid of columns of 12x6 m is taken with a load on the floors up to 9810 N / m 2 (1000 kg / m 2), and under heavy loads - 6X6 m. Former quarries, empty mines and adits, which supply ventilation, water supply and sewerage, and, if necessary, make wall cladding and floor covering are also successfully adapted for wine storage. v As a rule, the premises for aging wine materials are turned to the north and equipped with vestibules.

Secondary wine-making factories, which carry out mass processing of wine materials and wine bottling, are usually located in ground-based buildings with 1-2 floors.

For special-purpose factories (production of champagne, cognac, processing of secondary raw materials, etc.), buildings of various storeys are used, depending on the process flow, as well as the size and weight of equipment installed in a particular workshop.

The height of the production rooms of wineries depends on the type and size of the containers used and technological equipment.

To reduce capital costs for the construction of wine

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factories increase the utilization rate of the cubic capacity of premises by using rectangular tanks, increasing their capacity, multi-tiered placement of tanks, using the walls of reinforced concrete tanks as fences and other measures. In the southern regions of winemaking, crushing and pre-forestry plants are located under the sheds. and fermentation departments, workshops for processing secondary raw materials, boiler houses and some other facilities.

To building structures and their modules for buildings of wineries are presented General requirements... Special requirements must be met internal organization industrial premises and plumbing.

The floors of wineries are made of non-hygroscopic and waterproof, smooth, better than a monolithic coating, resistant to organic acids. To quickly drain water and remove dirt, the floors are made with a slope (1 cm by 1 m) to the sewer drains, arranged in such a way that it can be easily washed and sterilized.

The walls are faced with ceramic or glass tiles with a smooth surface completely or to the height of a person's height. Painting the walls with paints or varnishes is undesirable, as it is fragile and unhygienic.

Narrow light openings are made in the walls, which are placed high near the ceiling so that light and sun rays do not fall on the technological containers.

The ceilings are solid, smooth, from standard slabs or suspended, convenient for removing dirt and whitewash.

Technological requirements for the production facilities of wineries are to create a certain temperature, humidity, change of air, etc. to form the typical qualities of various wines.

The temperature of the production room depends on its functionality and the type of wine. An important technological requirement is the constancy of the room temperature throughout the year, regardless of the outside temperature. Temperature fluctuations disrupt the normal course of clarification of wine materials, adversely affect the maturation of wine.

In rooms intended for the aging and processing of white table wines, the temperature is maintained at the level of 8-10 ° C and is not allowed to rise above 15 ° C. Low temperature (G0 ° C and below) contributes to the formation of a delicate taste and bouquet of table wines, but slows down the process of their maturation. At temperatures above 15 ° C, the rate of oxidative processes increases, but favorable conditions are created for the development of microorganisms, the taste and bouquet of white table wines deteriorate,

For aging red table wines and some dessert (muscats, tokai), a temperature of 15-16 ° C is required, for Strong (Madeira, port) - 16-18 ° C.

Air humidity in industrial premises affects the evaporation and oxidation of wine in wooden containers, the loss of alcohol by wine during aging, the development of mold microorganisms in the premises and on the surface of containers. The most favorable for aging and storage workshops of wine materials in wooden containers is considered to be a relative humidity of 85-90%.

At low air humidity, evaporation and oxidation of wine is accelerated, at high humidity, alcohol losses increase, and molds develop. In this regard, places with a high level of groundwater and lowlands where atmospheric precipitation stagnates are undesirable for the construction of wineries. When building basements in such places, they make reliable waterproofing and arrange drainage.

Ventilation is necessary to remove excess moisture, foreign odors that can be perceived by wine, and substances harmful to the human body (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, excess alcohol vapors, etc.). In some cases, ventilation is used to regulate the room temperature.

Ventilation should be arranged so that drafts and constant strong draft of air do not occur, which increase convective currents, increase wine evaporation and contribute to the intensification of oxidative processes. The air supplied in summer to rooms with low temperatures is pre-cooled to room temperature. When using supply and exhaust ventilation in the basements, special chambers and elongated horizontal channels are arranged, in which the air pre-takes the temperature of the ground. The best temperature and humidity conditions provide modern systems air conditioning.

Premises for aging and storage of wines are ventilated in a soft mode with a small frequency of air changes. Increased requirements are imposed on the ventilation of rooms in which a large amount of harmful gases or vapors accumulates. These facilities include: fermentation departments, in the atmosphere of which a large amount of carbon dioxide is emitted; rooms in which sulfitation or fumigation with sulfur dioxide is carried out; washing compartments, the air of which / contains a large amount of water vapor, etc.

■ In the crushing and pressing department, exhaust ventilation is used from the lower zone with a double air exchange per hour. In fermentation departments and workshops for aging and storage of wine-materials and in, two exhaust systems are arranged. During the period of vigorous fermentation, a large amount of CO2 is released,

there is one permanent system with a double! "exchange and the other, operating only during the grape processing season and during the fermentation period, also with a double exchange of air. The rest of the time, one exhaust system and one supply system with a double exchange of air operate to maintain the room air humidity at optimum level.

The washing compartment is equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation with heating (if necessary) of the incoming air and with a five-fold exchange to maintain a humidity of 70%. In the yeast department, in the waste processing shop and in the equipment rooms, the exhaust ventilation has a double air exchange with a humidity of 60%.

In factory laboratories, supply and exhaust ventilation is arranged with a single exchange of air and local suction from the fume cupboards, providing an air speed in the cupboard door of at least 0.3 m / s.

In the rest of the premises, ventilation is designed in accordance with sanitary standards.

The water supply of wineries for technological needs is organized in such a way that the water pressure in the water supply network is at least 30 kPa. All rooms are supplied with cold and hot water for cleaning equipment and floors. Each production area is equipped with sinks for hand washing with hot and cold water supply.

In the production buildings of wineries, two separate sewage systems for wastewater are arranged: uncontaminated (from a boiler room, refrigeration plants, heat exchangers, etc.) and contaminated (household and fecal, shower rooms, after washing equipment and floors, drains contaminated with mechanical particles, etc.). For the drainage of waste water inside the premises, traps and drain funnels with siphons are installed. Do not allow hanging drain pipes to be located above equipment and workstations. Waste water after washing tanks and other technological equipment is discharged with a burst of the jet, i.e. through funnels with siphons or wells with hydraulic seals. Direct connection of technological equipment to the sewer network is not allowed.

Sanitary requirements for industrial premises wineries provide for whitewashing and painting them at least once a year to prevent pollution and the development of mold on them. After whitewashing, walls and ceilings are covered with special anti-biocorrosion compounds or mycidal antiseptics are added to lime during whitewashing, for example, 10-15% copper sulfate. The floors are washed at least once a shift and wet mopped several times.

To disinfect the air, production facilities are fumigated with sulfur dioxide obtained by burning sulfur from waste

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couple of 30 g per 1 m 3. When fumigating, measures are taken to protect the metal parts of the equipment from the action of sulphurous acid.

In the warm season, measures are taken against the penetration of insects into the premises, which are carriers of infection. For this, external door and window openings are protected with metal nets.

Production and main utility rooms should be well lit with natural light, and, if necessary, have artificial lighting. Portable lighting lamps should be equipped with protective nets. When lighting inside the containers, a voltage of no more than 12 V is allowed.

Sanitary requirements for equipment, located v operation at wineries are reduced to keeping it clean. After the end of the work, the equipment is immediately washed with cold water, and, if necessary, with a 2% solution of soda ash and hot water. Parts made of plastic or coated with varnishes and resins must not be washed with water heated above 70 ° C. Equipment with such parts is disinfected with a 0.1% solution of sulfurous acid for no more than 10 minutes and washed with cold water. Tartar deposits are removed from the surfaces of heat exchange and other equipment with an 8-10% solution of soda ash heated to 50-60 ° C, followed by rinsing with hot and cold water.

Equipment subject to conservation for long-term storage after the end of the wine-making season is thoroughly washed, dried, metal parts are covered with technical vaseline or fat-containing mixtures and wrapped in paper, and wooden parts are greased with a saturated solution of soda ash. Before the new season, the protective coatings are removed and the equipment is thoroughly washed.

Technological containers, in which wine materials are processed, aged and stored, need especially careful care.

Wooden containers (barrels, bottles, vats) have a microporous structure of the walls and their large specific surface, which ensures gas exchange between the contents of the container and the surrounding atmosphere. Gas exchange most intensively takes place in barrels, the capacity of which is small. Under the influence of atmospheric oxygen in barrels and other wooden containers, favorable conditions are created for the process of maturation of wine during aging. Barrel riveting is also the source of a number of substances that pass into wine and participate in the formation of its typical qualities, such as Madeira.

Wooden containers are considered to be the best for aging high-quality wines until they reach full ripeness.

state. However, for modern large wineries they are unacceptable, since they have insufficient capacity, occupy large production areas, need constant care and repair, and harmful microflora develops in them more easily. The porous structure of wood favors the retention of microorganism cells and contamination. Therefore, wooden containers require particularly careful processing, which is carried out with strict adherence to the requirements of special instructions.

To leach and remove excess readily soluble substances from wood, new wooden containers are soaked in clean cold water for 7-15 days with repeated water changes. After finishing the treatment, the drained water should not have color, odor, or tastes. Soaking new containers can be replaced by steaming or treating with a hot baking soda solution.

A used wooden container, freed from wine, is first rinsed or washed with cold water. It is unacceptable to start washing with hot water, since the pores of the wood at the same time expand and microorganisms and contaminants enter them, which, after cooling the container, cannot be removed from the pores. For the same reason, hot solutions or hot water are drained, preventing them from cooling.

It is enough to rinse wooden containers in which there was quite healthy wine with cold water, steam with dry steam for 15 minutes and dry. If the containers are infected "and have a smell of vinegar or mold, they are separated from healthy ones and treated with disinfectants according to the following scheme: washed with cold water, steamed for 30 minutes, washed with hot 5% soda ash solution, rinsed 2-3 times hot water, treated with 2% sulfuric acid solution, washed with hot water and rinsed with cold water. The washed container is filled with a 0.1% solution of sulfurous acid or an antiformin solution and kept for a day. If the smell of mold remains in the containers, then their inner surfaces are thoroughly washed with brushes, first with cold water, then with a 5-10% solution of soda ash, steamed well and rinsed with cold water. If, after such treatment, the smell of mold persists, then the inner surface of the container is burned out.

When storing empty wooden containers after processing, they are dried, fumigated with sulfur dioxide at the rate of 1 - 2 g per 1 dal and tightly closed.

Metal tanks made of corrosion-resistant steel or carbon steel and aluminum with internal protective coatings are the mainstay in modern

wine industry. They can have different, including very large (up to 100 thousand decaliters), capacity, allow rational use of the volume of industrial premises, are convenient in sanitary and hygienic terms - they are easier to wash and sterilize. Thanks to the good tightness of the metal tanks, the loss of wine in them is minimized. Storage in metal tanks allows you to better preserve the specific qualities of low-oxidized wines and wine materials due to reliable isolation from air oxygen. If it is necessary to ensure the passage of redox processes during the maturation of wine materials in metal tanks, certain amounts of oxygen or air are dosed into them using special devices.

Any technological processes can be carried out in metal tanks, including those occurring at elevated or low temperatures, as well as under conditions of increased pressure.

Reinforced concrete tanks of various capacities and shapes are used for wort fermentation, blending, storage of wine materials and wines. These tanks have a relatively low cost, are durable, and allow efficient use of production areas. The disadvantages of reinforced concrete tanks are the poor thermal conductivity of their walls and the lack of gas exchange between the wine and the surrounding air. When using these tanks, much attention has to be paid to the creation of internal protective coatings, their repair and renewal.

Large technological tanks - metal and reinforced concrete - it is advisable to wash with the use of special machines according to the following scheme: cold water for 20-60 minutes, a washing solution at a temperature of 60-70 ° C for 20-60 minutes, hot water at the same temperature for 20-25 minutes and cold water for 20-25 minutes. The duration of washing is set depending on the degree of contamination of the container. Reinforced concrete tanks are more difficult to clean than metal ones.

Processing of large containers is also carried out in other ways, taking into account the type of internal coatings. Metal and reinforced concrete tanks with sufficiently stable polymer coatings are first washed with cold water, then with a 5% solution of soda ash at a temperature not exceeding 70 ° C and rinsed with hot and cold water. Metal containers with glass enamel coating are washed only with cold and hot (70 ° C) water without the use of alkaline solutions that destroy enamel.

If the reservoirs are infected, they are thoroughly treated with hot soda solution and then disinfected with one of the following agents: antiformin, ca-

lia, bleach, formaldehyde, sulfurous acid. Treatment with these disinfectants is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technological instructions for the sanitization of wine-making containers.

After washing and sanitizing, the condition of the internal surfaces and protective coatings is checked, and the damage is repaired. The treated tanks are stored with open hatches. To prevent the development of mold during storage, the containers inside are coated with a 10% solution of soda ash. New reinforced concrete containers that are in long-term storage, in order to prevent the formation of cracks on their surface, are filled with 20-30 cm of water, to which 0.1 kg / dl of slaked lime is added.

Wine lines at the end of the work shift are rinsed with cold water under pressure for 15 minutes. If the wine lines are heavily contaminated and infected, they are additionally treated with a solution of soda ash or desmol at a temperature of 50-60 ° C for 20-30 minutes and washed with cold water. Glass wine lines are disinfected with antiformin, bleach, potassium permanganate, catapin and other means. For the purpose of disinfection, rubber hoses are treated with 0.1% sulfurous acid solution or 0.5% catapin solution.

To clean stationary wine lines and hoses from firmly adhered sediments, elastic balls of porous rubber are used, which are pumped through the wine line under the pressure of water. For this purpose, flushing of wine lines with a 1% solution of hydrochloric acid with sawdust added to it is also used.

Part one

General wine technology

The general technology of wines provides for a number of techniques, as a result of which wine or wine material is obtained from the raw material, which is subject to further processing to obtain a special wine. These methods include crushing grapes and separating, obtaining pulp and must and their processing, fermentation, pressing, filtration, sulfitation, egalization, etc. Depending on the order and characteristics of these methods, wine materials acquire different shades in taste and aroma. Some of these techniques serve to give wines stability to various types of cloudiness.

The final techniques common to all types of wines are bottling, capping, decorating, and selling finished products.

Chapter 1. GRAPE AS RAW MATERIAL

1. Sanitary improvement of industrial premises and workplaces

2. The value of ventilation and its classification by the method of air exchange

3. Types industrial lighting and units for measuring the level of illumination. Social and hygienic value of rational lighting of premises

4. Ergonomics. Ergonomic metrics for assessing the quality of the work environment

5. Construction and design aesthetics

1. General sanitary and technical requirements for production facilities, workplaces and zones, as well as for the microclimate are set out in building codes and rules (SN and P) and Sanitary standards for the design of enterprises (SN).

The volume of production premises per employee must be at least 15m 3, area - at least 4.5m 2, height - at least 3.2m. Manufacturing areas must be kept properly clean.

Typically, businesses should have auxiliary sanitary facilities. The composition of these premises, dimensions and equipment depend on the sanitary characteristics of production processes, the number of employees, as well as other factors that are defined in SN and P.

Of great importance for labor protection is the water supply of enterprises, which must satisfy the enterprise's need for drinking water and for economic, hygienic, industrial and fire-fighting purposes. In production and auxiliary areas, lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning provide optimal parameters air environment (industrial microclimate), contributing to the preservation of human health and increasing his ability to work.

The air temperature in industrial premises, depending on the severity of work in the cold and transitional periods of the year, should be from 14 to 21 0 С, in the warm period - from 17 to 25 0 С. Relative humidity - within 60-70%, air speed - no more than 0.2 - 0.5 m / s. In a warm period, when the air temperature in the premises should not be higher than the outside by more than 3-5 0 С, the maximum is 28 0 С, and the air speed is up to 1 m / s. Labor hygiene and industrial sanitation services are involved in the complex radiation of industrial conditions, their influence on the human body, as well as the development of measures for their improvement and implementation.

An integral part of occupational health - physiology of labor, studying the physiological processes in the human body associated with its labor activity... Physiology of labor aims to find a rational organization of labor from a physiological point of view, in which a person's fatigue decreases, working capacity and labor productivity increase.

2. Required air microclimate characteristics working area are usually provided ventilation.

Under ventilation they understand organized and regulated air exchange, which ensures the removal of polluted air from the room and the supply of clean, certain humidity and temperature to its place.

Ventilation is:

· natural;

· forced;

· general;

· local;

· organized;

· unorganized.

Natural ventilation is carried out using openings in the walls (windows, doors, transoms, vents) or ventilation ducts without the use of special mechanical air pumps (fans, rotors, compressors).

Natural ventilation is carried out by aeration, deflector or mixed methods. Aeration ventilation is carried out due to the difference in the specific gravity of cold and warm air outside and inside the room or wind pressure. Deflector ventilation is carried out due to the pressure difference at the ends of the ventilation duct (pipe), which occurs due to the high-speed wind blowing one of the ends of the pipe (as a rule, carried out on the roof of the building). Ventilation is more often used when both the temperature difference inside and outside the room and the wind speed are used.

Forced ventilation - ventilation carried out with the help of mechanical stimulators (fans (ejectors, reflectors)) through special air ducts or channels.

Forced(mechanical) ventilation is carried out in three ways. It can be exhaust, supply and supply and exhaust. At exhaust ventilation with a fan, the air is pumped out of the room. At inflow ventilation, fresh air is blown into the room by a fan, creating overpressure. Supply and exhaust ventilation assumes the presence of two fans in one room, one of which operates in the exhaust mode, and the other in the supply mode.

Organized ventilation - ventilation, which is provided in advance when designing a building and a workplace (doors, vents, channels in the walls).

Unorganized ventilation - ventilation carried out through leaks in windows, doors, walls due to poor-quality construction of buildings or improper operation, this type of ventilation is not provided for by the project.

General ventilation is carried out throughout the entire volume of the room or work area.

Local ventilation is carried out in a restricted area or workplace (above the kitchen stove, above the table of the chemical cabinet).

3. Lighting affects the human body and the performance of production targets. Proper lighting reduces accidents and increases productivity by 15%. Improper lighting can cause diseases such as myopia, spasm, accommodation, visual fatigue and other illnesses, lowers mental and physical performance, increases the number of errors in production processes, accidents and accidents.

Lighting that meets technical and sanitary standards is called rational.

Indoors used natural and artificial lighting.

Daylight assumes the penetration of sunlight into buildings through windows and various types of light openings (overhead skylights). Natural lighting changes frequently and depends on the time of year and day, as well as on atmospheric phenomena. Lighting is influenced by the location and arrangement of buildings, the size of the glazed surface, the shape and location of windows, the distance between buildings, etc.

The quality of natural lighting indoors is determined by the light coefficient (K s), which is calculated as the ratio of the glazed surface to the floor area. Room lighting is standardized. The norms of natural lighting for various buildings and premises are developed taking into account their purpose. According to the established standards, the light coefficient for individual rooms ranges from 0.10 to 0.20 (1:10 to 1: 5). However, the assessment of the natural illumination of premises only by the light coefficient is insufficient, since it does not take into account factors affecting natural light: the location of windows and workplaces inside the premises, the height and location of opposite buildings, etc. Therefore, to assess the natural illumination (Keo), which is the ratio of the illumination at a given point in the room to the simultaneously measured illumination of an external point located on the horizontal plane, illuminated by the diffused light of the open sky. The unit of measure for illumination is lux (1 lx). 1 lx - illumination of a surface in 1 m 2, on which a luminous flux of 1 lm falls. 1lm is equal to the amount of light energy in 1J, passing through a unit area of 1m 2.

The most common type artificial lighting is electric lighting, which, like natural lighting, is standardized for different types premises.

Incandescent and fluorescent lamps are used as sources of artificial lighting. Incandescent lamps give a continuous spectrum of radiation close to natural, but they are uneconomical - only 5-18% of the consumed energy is spent on light radiation. Gas-discharge, fluorescent lamps are more economical, but in most cases they do not provide correct color reproduction, especially in synthetic materials. In practice, the following types of fluorescent lamps are used: LD - fluorescent lamps, have a bluish glow; PCB - cold white lamps with a yellowish glow; LTP - white lamps with a pink tint.

When choosing a lamp, you need to consider that:

P the higher the illumination level, the more favorable the cold light of LD lamps; at low illumination levels, LTB lamps are used;

P at simultaneous using lamps incandescent and fluorescent, it is better to use LTP lamps;

P the color of the illuminated surfaces must be consistent with the color of the lamps used. For example, the bluish glow of LD lamps goes well with the blue and light green color of the tables; lamp light LD and LTB - with light brown furniture color.

Rational artificial lighting provides for uniform illumination, without sudden changes and pulsations, a favorable spectral composition of light and sufficient brightness.

4. Science deals with the problems of adapting the production environment to the capabilities of the human body ergonomics(Greek: Ergon - work, nomos - law). Ergonomics studies the system "man - instrument of labor - production environment" as one process and aims to develop recommendations for its optimization. Optimization of this process suggests putting a person in the most favorable conditions for performing functional tasks. It includes the development of scientifically based organizational and technical requirements and solutions for tools and labor processes, the environment, taking into account human characteristics: physical, psychological and anthropometric.

The following ergonomic indicators are used to assess the quality of the working environment:

P hygienic - illumination level, temperature, humidity, pressure, dustiness, noise, radiation, vibration, etc .;

P anthropometric - compliance of products with human anthropometric properties (size, shape). This group of indicators should provide a rational and comfortable posture, correct posture, optimal hand grip, etc., and protect a person from rapid fatigue.

P physiological - determine the conformity of the product to the peculiarities of the functioning of the human sense organs. They affect the volume and speed of human working movements, the volume of visual, auditory, tactile (tactile), gustatory and olfactory information coming through the senses.

P psychological - compliance of the product with the psychological characteristics of a person. These indicators characterize the compliance of the product with the newly formed human skills, the possibilities of perception and processing of information.

5. Currently, more and more attention is paid to the problems of the aesthetics of the world of work and the restructuring of the production environment on an aesthetic basis. The importance of to improve working conditions has production and technical aesthetics.Production aesthetics includes planning, construction and design and technological aesthetics. Planning aesthetics includes the structure, size, placement and interconnection of premises. She must develop the shortest routes for people to travel, Vehicle, to create conditions for the introduction of progressive technology and increase in labor productivity.

Construction and design aesthetics solves issues of lighting, painting, walls, ceilings, floors and other elements, landscaping, artistic and aesthetic furnishings in the premises.

Psychological aesthetics provides for the selection and placement of equipment, walkways, communication lines, etc.

The correct solution to a set of issues production aesthetics has a beneficial effect on the human body, eliminates the causes of injury and occupational diseases, increases labor productivity and production culture.

Technical aesthetics provides for the design, modernization and operation of equipment, fixtures and tools. It includes architectonics, safety and harmlessness of work, reduction of physical activity and nervous tension. Architectonics equipment takes into account the shape, proportions and harmonious layout of the equipment.

Safety of work is ensured by color design, fencing of hazardous areas, safety braking and signaling devices, local lighting, etc.

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Introduction

1. Basic requirements for industrial buildings and structures

2. Technological requirements for production facilities and the territory of the enterprise

3. Sanitary and technical requirements for production facilities and workplaces

4. Fire Safety Rules

Introduction

At present, scientific and technological progress should ensure the development of the country's national economy, aimed at the priority development of industries and means of production. Which provide technical re-equipment and development of all other industries. An industrial enterprise is a set of tools and means of production, buildings, structures and other material assets used for the production of any product. Industrial buildings belong to the fixed assets of the respective industry. And they are designed to accommodate production facilities in them with the provision of the required conditions for the production process, as well as the environment for normal human labor activity. Industrial construction refers to the field of construction, which is engaged in the creation of fixed assets of the industry, including the implementation of a complex of construction and installation works associated with the introduction of new, expansion and modernization of existing industrial enterprises.

Industrial facilities are being built mainly in cities. Therefore, along with the industrialization of production and its improvement, the issue of ecology and nature management is acute. Much attention should be paid to the widespread use of new effective building materials, prefabricated building elements, light and economical large-sized structures and products of improved quality, with a high degree of factory readiness, ensuring an increase in the level of industrialism, a decrease in material consumption and the cost of construction. And also the durability, comfort and architectural expressiveness of industrial buildings.

1. Basic requirements for industrial buildings and structures

The basic requirements for industrial buildings are set out in SNiP 20902-85

When planning production facilities, it is necessary to take into account the sanitary characteristics of production processes, observe the norms of the usable area for workers, as well as the norms of the areas for placing the forging equipment and the required width of the aisles, which ensure safe operation and convenient maintenance of the equipment.

If it is necessary to place industrial premises in one building, in which, from the point of view of industrial and fire prevention various requirements are put forward, then they should be grouped in such a way that they are isolated from each other Workshops, departments and areas with significant harmful emissions, excess heat and fire hazardous must be located at the outer walls of the building and, if acceptable according to the conditions of the technological process and production flow , - on the upper floors of a multi-storey building It is prohibited to locate harmless workshops and areas (for example, mechanical assembly tools, computers, etc.), as well as office premises above harmful ones, since when the windows are opened, gases and vapors can penetrate into these rooms.

The room where the switchboard, ventilation, compressor and other types of equipment of increased danger are located must be permanently locked with a key so that unauthorized persons do not get into them

In order to prevent injuries in industrial premises, it is necessary to apply preventive paints building structures, equipment, pipelines, a splitter, as well as safety signs in accordance with GOST 124026-776.

The rational arrangement of the main and auxiliary equipment, production furniture, as well as the correct organization of workplaces are important for healthy and safe working conditions. an electric drive, there must be a free approach from all sides with a width of at least 1 m from the side of the working area and 0.6 m from the side of the non-working area.Production furniture (cabinets, racks, tables) can be placed close to structural elements construction.

To treat and protect the internal surfaces of premises structures from the effects of harmful and aggressive substances (for example, acids, alkalis, lead) and moisture, use ceramic tiles, acid-resistant in plaster, oil paint, which prevent the sorption of these substances and allow easy cleaning of surfaces.

All platforms located at a height of more than 260 mm from the floor must have a handrail Metal stairs for equipment maintenance are installed at an angle not exceeding 45 °, with a distance between the storage of 230-260 mm and a staircase width of 260-300 mm For maintenance of equipment, visit 1 -2 times per shift, located on sites with a difference in elevation of no more than 3 m, the angle of inclination of the stairs is 60 °. The railing is painted yellow (red), and the risers - white. Ladders are made with ribbed or striped colors.

2. TechnologicalTrequirements for production facilitiesshcheniyami and territory of the enterprise

The territory of the enterprise and the placement of buildings and structures on it must comply with the requirements of the Sanitary Standards for the Design of Industrial Enterprises and the fire-prevention standards for the design of buildings and structures, taking into account the technological features of production.

Buildings and structures with technological processes that are sources of emission in environment harmful and unpleasant smelling substances, as well as sources of increased levels of noise, vibration, ultrasound, radio frequency electromagnetic waves, static electricity and ionizing radiation should be separated from residential buildings sanitary - protective zones and breaks and place on the territory of the enterprise on the leeward side for the winds of the prevailing direction in relation to residential buildings and other industrial buildings.

Volumetric - planning and design solutions of industrial premises and structures must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations, as well as sanitary design standards for industrial enterprises and other applicable regulatory documents.

The volume of production facilities per worker must be at least 15 cubic meters. m, and the area of the premises is at least 4.5 sq. m. The height of the production area must be at least 3.5 m.

Premises and areas for industries with surplus sensible heat (more than 20 kcal / cubic mx h), as well as for industries with significant emissions of harmful gases, vapors and dust, should, as a rule, be located near the outer walls of buildings and structures.

The location of production facilities in basements, basements and in areas with insufficient natural lighting at permanent workplaces (coefficient of natural light less than 0.1%) may be provided with a special justification only in cases where it is necessary due to technological conditions.

In industrial buildings and structures, regardless of the presence of harmful emissions and ventilation devices, opening sash sashes and other opening devices in windows with an area of at least 20% of the total area of light openings must be provided for ventilation. The incoming air should be directed upwards during the cold season and downwards during the warm season.

In buildings and structures with natural ventilation, the area of openings should be determined by calculation. The distance from the floor level to the bottom of the casement sashes intended for air flow during the warm season should be no more than 1.8 m, and to the bottom of the openings intended for air flow during the cold season - at least 4 m.

For opening, setting in the required position and closing the sashes of window and skylights or other opening devices in the premises, devices must be provided that can be easily controlled from the floor or from work platforms. Safety metal nets must be installed under the glazed lanterns.

The roofs of buildings around the perimeter must have fences with a height of at least 0.6 m. In winter, the roofs and eaves of buildings must be cleared of snow and ice. Roofs should be equipped with devices for the organized drainage of atmospheric precipitation.

Industrial premises should be equipped with a sufficient number of exits for quick evacuation of people. Emergency exits and stairs must be provided in accordance with the requirements of fire regulations. Gates, entrance doors and other openings in the outer walls must be insulated and equipped with devices for mechanized closing (springs, pneumatic gates, etc.), placed taking into account safety requirements.

External exits should be equipped with vestibules or air - heat curtains in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations.

Buildings, structures, structures and communications should be painted in colors in accordance with GOST 12.4.026 and standards for color finishing of interiors of industrial buildings of industrial enterprises.

The floors of industrial premises and warehouses must be flat, durable and non-slip. The materials provided for the flooring must meet the hygienic and operational requirements for the given production. Floors should be made of materials with low thermal conductivity (concrete, ceramic, etc.), at workplaces, wooden gratings or heat-insulating mats should be installed. In rooms where, due to the working conditions, liquids accumulate, the floors must be impermeable to liquids, have the necessary slope and channels for drainage. In addition, it is recommended to install wooden grates in the workplace. The channels in the floors for drainage of liquid or for laying pipelines are closed off with solid or lattice covers flush with the floor. Openings in the floor for the passage of drive belts, conveyors, etc. must be of minimum dimensions and fenced with sides at least 20 cm high, regardless of availability common fencing... In cases where, according to the conditions of the technological process, channels, gutters and trenches cannot be closed, they must be fenced with handrails 1 m high with sheathing at the bottom at a height of at least 150 mm from the floor. In rooms where aggressive and harmful substances are used, the floors must be made of materials that are resistant to the chemical effects of these substances (metlakh tiles, etc.).

The decoration of walls, ceilings and surfaces of the structure of the premises in which the production facilities are located that emit harmful or aggressive substances (mercury, lead, manganese compounds, arsenic, benzene, acids, sulfur dioxide, etc.) must allow wet cleaning. Doorways must be without thresholds. In production facilities, areas should be allocated for storing materials, blanks and finished products.

Production facilities must be equipped with fire-fighting equipment in accordance with the Rules fire safety v Russian Federation and GOST 12.4.009. Free access to fire-fighting equipment and equipment must be provided. To indicate the location, type fire equipment and fire-extinguishing equipment, direction signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026 should be used. It is prohibited to use fire-fighting equipment for other purposes.

The condition and operation of buildings and structures should be monitored systematically. General technical inspections of industrial buildings and structures, as a rule, should be carried out twice a year - in spring and autumn. The results of the inspections must be documented in acts. A technical passport must be issued for each building and structure.

When operating industrial buildings and structures, it is prohibited:

Exceeding the maximum loads on floors, ceilings, platforms;

· Installation, hitching, fastening of equipment, transport devices, pipelines not provided for by the project, including temporary ones (for example, during repairs);

· Making holes in ceilings, beams, columns, walls without the written permission of the persons responsible for the operation of the building.

Natural and artificial lighting of production, service and auxiliary premises and artificial lighting of work sites outside the building must comply with the requirements of SNiP II-4, Electrical Installation Rules, Electrical Installation Rules for Consumers, Safety Rules for the Operation of Consumer Electrical Installations. Wherein:

· Industrial premises in which people who work without natural light or with insufficient biological effect of natural light (natural light coefficient less than 0.1%) constantly stay, must be equipped with installations of artificial ultraviolet radiation or it is necessary to provide for the device of photoariums located on the territory of the organization;

· The windows facing the sunny side must have devices for protection from direct sunlight (blinds, screens, visors, curtains or whitewash of the glazing for the summer);

· The glass of windows and lanterns must be cleaned of dust, soot and dirt at least twice a year, and in rooms with significant production emissions of smoke, dust, soot, dirt, etc. - at least four times a year. It is recommended to mechanize the glass cleaning process.

Artificial lighting of industrial premises should be of two systems: general (uniform or localized) and combined (local lighting is added to the general lighting). Local lighting alone is not allowed.

To illuminate premises for various purposes and places where work is performed outside the building, low and high pressure gas-discharge lamps (usually fluorescent) should be provided. In case of impossibility or technical and economic inexpediency of using gas-discharge light sources, the use of incandescent lamps is allowed. The choice of light sources should be made taking into account the recommendations of building codes and Electrical Installation Rules.

Incandescent and fluorescent lamps used for general and local lighting must be fitted with reflectors. The use of open lamps without reflectors is prohibited.

For the safe continuation of work when it is impossible to stop it and for people to leave the room when the lighting is suddenly turned off, emergency and evacuation lighting must be in effect;

Emergency lighting should be provided if the shutdown of working lighting and the related disruption of the normal maintenance of equipment and mechanisms can cause:

· Explosion, fire, poisoning of people;

· Long-term disruption of the technological process;

Disruption of the operation of objects such as control rooms, pumping units water supply, sewerage and district heating;

Stopping ventilation or air conditioning for industrial premises in which it is unacceptable to stop work, etc.

· The emergency light should be on for the entire duration of the work light, or should be automatically switched on when the work light is suddenly turned off.

Evacuation lighting should be installed:

· In places dangerous for the passage of people;

· In the aisles and on the stairs, which serve for the evacuation of more than 50 people;

In industrial premises with people constantly working in them, where the exit of people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of the working lighting is associated with the risk of injury due to the continuation of the operation of the production equipment;

In the premises public buildings and auxiliary buildings of industrial enterprises, if the premises can accommodate more than 100 people at the same time.

· Luminaires of general localized (side) lighting should be located on walls or columns with an orientation to the workplace and have a concentrated or medium light distribution. Local illumination of work surfaces should be such that the luminaires can be installed with the required direction of light. Luminaires of local lighting should be structurally connected with the workplace with the exclusion of the need to move them during the movement of overhead cranes. To supply local lighting fixtures, voltage should be applied in accordance with the requirements stipulated by the SSBT standards for specific types of equipment and taking into account the degree of hazard of the production facility. Hand-held portable lamps in rooms with increased danger should have a voltage not higher than 42 V, and in especially dangerous rooms and outdoors - not higher than 12 V. the terminals of the secondary winding must be grounded. Periodically, at least once a year, it is necessary to check the level of illumination at the control points and the level of general illumination of the premises.

The production, auxiliary and service premises of the organization must be equipped with heating and ventilation or air conditioning systems.

For heating industrial, office and auxiliary premises, systems, devices and heat carriers that do not emit additional industrial hazards should be provided. With a central heating system, it should be possible to regulate the heating of the room with the possibility of independently switching on and off the heating sections. Heating devices in industrial premises with significant dust emission should have smooth surfaces that allow wet cleaning (cleaning). For industrial premises, in which one worker accounts for more than 50 sq. m of floor area, heating systems should be provided that provide the required air temperature at permanent workplaces and a lower regulated temperature outside these workplaces. technological sanitary requirement security

For ventilation of production, service and auxiliary premises, both natural aeration and a forced ventilation system should be used. The choice of the type of ventilation should be justified by a calculation confirming the provision of the required air exchange, metrological and sanitary - hygienic state of the air environment. Opening of window transoms, lantern sashes, shaft openings should be mechanized and carried out with the help of devices controlled from the floor.

The laying of pipelines transporting harmful, poisonous, explosive, flammable or odorless gases and liquids on air ducts and through rooms for ventilation equipment is not allowed. The efficiency of ventilation should be checked systematically by control measurements with an analysis of the state of the air environment.

To protect workplaces from drafts in the cold season, it is necessary to provide air or air - thermal curtains.

The gates should be equipped with curtains that open more than five times or for at least 40 minutes. per shift. Technological openings of heated buildings and structures should be equipped with curtains in the absence of vestibules - sluices in areas with a design outside air temperature below 15 degrees. C. Air and air - thermal curtains must ensure, at the time of opening gates, doors or technological openings, the air temperature in the premises at permanent workplaces is not lower than:

14 deg. C - with light physical work;

12 deg. C - during work of moderate severity;

8 deg. C - for hard work.

In the absence of permanent workplaces in the area of gates, doors or technological openings, when they are opened, the air temperature may drop to 5 degrees. C.

3. WITHanitary and technical requirements for production facilities and workplaces

The creation of rational sanitary and technical conditions at enterprises is an important task, on the solution of which the health of labor collectives depends, safe conditions; labor productivity and production culture in general.

General sanitary and technical requirements for production facilities, workplaces are set out in building codes and regulations (SNiP) and sanitary standards design of enterprises.

The site for the location of enterprises (territory) is selected from the general development plans settlements... The site should be in a dry, flood-free place with direct sunlight, natural ventilation, have a relatively flat surface, and be located near a water source with wastewater discharge. Convenience of approach, vehicle access, labor protection and safety conditions must be observed, as well as fire protection... It is allowed to locate enterprises in the residential area. The sanitary protection zone should be landscaped and landscaped. Gaps between buildings, at least 20 m, are important.

At enterprises, in accordance with the established rules, they must be equipped with places for dumping waste, waste and garbage.

The volume of production premises per employee must be less than 15 m 3, the area must be at least 4.5 m 2, and the height must be at least 3.2 m.

Manufacturing areas must be kept properly clean. At enterprises with a significant emission of dust, cleaning of premises should be carried out using a vacuum cleaner or by water flushing.

Premises with heat release (more than 20 kcal / (m 3 . с)), as well as production facilities with large emissions of harmful gases, vapors and dust should be located at the outer walls of buildings and structures.

In heated production areas, condensation is not allowed on the inner surfaces of external fences. The walls in such rooms are covered with a protective and finishing vapor barrier layer.

Floors in production areas should be made of materials that provide easy cleaning and meet the operational requirements for the given production. The most common are cement concrete, asphalt, tile and wood floors.

Enterprises should have auxiliary sanitary facilities: dressing rooms, washrooms, toilets, showers, smoking rooms, food points, rest rooms, health centers, women's personal hygiene rooms, etc.

Correct planning and arrangement of exits, walkways, staircases and platforms is of great importance for the safety of workers in enterprises. They must meet construction, operational, sanitary and fire safety requirements.

The water supply of enterprises is of great importance for labor protection. It should meet the needs of enterprises in drinking water for industrial, economic, hygienic and fire-fighting purposes. There are two types of water supply: centralized and decentralized. With centralized water supply, water is supplied through pipelines common use, and with a decentralized one, it comes from local sources (wells, reservoirs, springs). The water quality must meet the requirements of GOST for drinking water.

All enterprises according to sanitary regulations and standards should have sewerage facilities designed for the reception, removal and disposal of wastewater, as well as their diversion to certain areas. At enterprises that do not have a sewerage system, yard toilets and concrete pits are arranged, which I build in accordance with the rules for the safety of their operation and sanitary and hygienic standards.

The air temperature in industrial premises during the cold and transitional period of the year should be from 14 to 21 0 C, in the warm period - from 17 to 25 0 C. Relative humidity - within 60-70%, air speed - no more than 0.2 - 0.5 m / s.

Occupational health and industrial sanitation services are involved in a comprehensive study of working conditions.

An integral part of occupational hygiene is the physiology of work, which studies the physiological processes in the human body associated with his work activity. Physiology of labor aims to find a rational organization of labor from a physical point of view, in which a person's fatigue decreases, working capacity and labor productivity increase.

4. Fire Safety Rules

As with any other (residential, retail, warehouse, etc.), industrial interior spaces also have special industrial safety requirements. Fire safety rules in industrial premises include:

· General Provisions;

· Fire safety requirements for the premises themselves;

· Requirements for exits for evacuation;

· Requirements for electrical installations;

· Requests for ventilation systems, heating systems;

· List of actions in case of fire detection.

When all fire safety rules in industrial premises are followed, fire safety measures in industrial premises are considered to be complied with.

It establishes industrial safety standards for industrial premises (structures) belonging to the enterprise. Any organization must provide protection for people in the event of a fire. Employees can start work only after undergoing a full briefing. Responsibility for how to ensure fire safety in industrial premises lies with CEO enterprises and heads of departments.

Ensuring fire safety in industrial premises provides for the presence in prominent places of information with the telephone numbers of the service, the specificity of which is the fight against fire, instructions on fire safety for each individual section of the industrial zone. And the fire safety standards for industrial premises determine the place (s) for smoking, the location and the permissible amount of products and raw materials. The procedure for storing and cleaning workwear, combustible waste should also be established.

Posted on Allbest.ru

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1. GENERAL PROVISIONS

1.1. Woodworking processes must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.3.002, GOST 12.1.010, GOST 12.3.014 and this standard.

1.2. In the technological processes of woodworking, the action of the following dangerous and harmful production factors is possible:

physical:

moving machines and mechanisms; moving parts of production equipment; moving and collapsing products, blanks, materials; collapsing structures;

sharp edges of equipment, tools and products;

increased dust and gas content of the air in the working area;

increased or decreased air temperature of the working area;

increased surface temperature of equipment and materials;

increased noise levels at the workplace;

an increased level of vibration in the workplace;

high air humidity in the working area;

increased or decreased air mobility in the working area;

an increased voltage value in an electrical circuit, the closure of which can occur through the human body;

increased levels of static electricity;

increased level of electromagnetic radiation;

insufficient illumination of the working area;

lack of natural light;

increased electric field strength;

increased brightness of light;

increased level of ionizing radiation in the working area;

increased level of infrared radiation;

chemical:

toxic;

annoying;

sensitizing;

affecting reproductive function;

psychophysiological:

physical overload;

neuropsychic overload.

1.3. The levels of hazardous and harmful factors in industrial premises and workplaces should not exceed the maximum permissible values approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

1.4. The equipment used in the production processes of woodworking must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.2.003, GOST 12.2.026.0, GOST 12.2.022, sanitary regulations organization technological processes and hygiene requirements for production equipment approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

1.5. The operation of electrical installations, electrical equipment must be carried out in accordance with the rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers and safety rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers, approved by the Glavgosenergonadzor of the USSR Ministry of Energy.

1.6. Woodworking processes must be organized in accordance with the requirements of environmental legislation.

1.7. Rational labor regimes must be ensured in production.

2. REQUIREMENTS FOR TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES

2.1. Modes of technological processes of woodworking should provide:

consistency of equipment operation, excluding the occurrence of hazardous and harmful factors;

loading of equipment within the limits of its throughput, ensuring the rhythmic work of personnel involved in the technological process;

fire and explosion safety of production;

the possibility, if necessary, of the use of protective equipment for workers;

environmental protection.

2.2. Woodworking processes must be organized in accordance with the normative and technical documentation provided for by GOST 3.1120.

2.3. Hazardous areas of workshops and areas where the technological process is carried out should be marked with safety signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026.

2.4. When there is emergency there must be an automatic light or sound signaling, on the signal of which service staff performs the prescribed actions.

2.5. The technological process should be organized in such a way as to exclude the need for workers to come into contact with materials and workpieces in motion at a speed of more than 0.3 m / s.

2.6. Operations for the overland movement of raw materials, products, the promotion of raw materials through the pools and the unloading of pools, the supply of whips, logs, beams, logs, blocks, wood boards, plywood, glued structures of large dimensions for processing, preparation of working solutions, loading and unloading of materials in containers for impregnation, opening and closing of containers must be mechanized.

2.7. The weight of the load moved manually must comply with the norms of maximum permissible loads when lifting and moving weights manually, approved in the prescribed manner.

2.8. Conditions must be provided on the conveyor routes and the paths of all vehicles to prevent the loss of the material being transported.

2.9. It is prohibited to carry out sorting and rigging works in the water area, lifting snags, unloading raw materials at a wind speed of more than 8.5 m / s, in fog and in heavy rain.

2.10. Cross-cutting of logs and cutting of longitude should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.015.

2.11. Automatic sorting, trimming and bunching lines of sawn timber should be equipped with devices for stopping them from any workplace.

2.12. At enterprises with a lumber drying volume of 20,000 m or more, bag forming machines should be used to form drying bags. When manually laying drying bags, their height should not exceed 1.5 m.

2.13. Cranes used to move drying and transport packages of lumber or other packaged products must be equipped with portal, fork or other rigid structure grips that securely hold the pack.

2.14. Between workstations located at different levels in the area of accumulators, dumping shelves, outboard conveyors, elevators, openings in the ceiling, a warning signal should be provided to ensure safety during technological operations.

2.15. In production lines and automatic lines, when a single machine stops, all previous equipment should be stopped if the lines are not equipped with accumulators or there are no special buffer platforms.

2.16. Above hot presses and in places where hot products are cooled, it is necessary to install shelters with local suction.

2.17. For each process that uses hazardous substances, methods must be developed to neutralize and clean up spilled or scattered chemicals, waste water treatment and dust emissions.

2.18. Places for the release of hazardous and fire-explosive substances must be equipped with shelters with local suction.

2.19. In places where mixtures and solutions are prepared with the use of dusty substances, containers and bunkers for dusty materials, it is necessary to create a vacuum.

2.20. Working compositions for gluing, finishing and impregnating wood and wood-based materials should be prepared in specially equipped places or rooms.

2.21. Treat wood and products with antiseptics and fire retardants in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.034.

2.22. Painting and finishing in woodworking industries shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.005.

2.23. In the manufacture of parts from polyurethane foam by pouring and molding, the concentration of harmful substances in the air of the working area should not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (MPC), regulated by GOST 12.1.005 and the MPC lists approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTION SPACES AND SITES

3.1. Industrial premises and sites must meet the requirements of building codes and regulations, design standards for industrial enterprises approved by the USSR State Construction Committee, as well as the normative documentation of the USSR Ministry of Health on the sanitary maintenance of premises and equipment of industrial enterprises.

3.2. The territory of the enterprise should be fenced, landscaped, illuminated, and also have safe passages, hard-surfaced entrances to all buildings, structures, fire water sources both under normal conditions and in case of snow drifting, icing or flooding.

3.3. The movement of vehicles and people on the territory of the enterprise and workshops should be organized according to a scheme approved by the administration, with the installation of appropriate road signs.

3.4. The width of the passages for vehicles on the territory of the enterprise must comply with the rules of the road (SDA).

3.5. Underground tanks are protected from traffic collisions along the entire perimeter. Wells and containers should have ladders and ladders for descent.

3.6. The intersections of railways, motorways and pedestrian roads, near which there are buildings, structures, stacks of materials that limit visibility, should be equipped with automatic light and sound alarms and guarded barriers.

3.7. Production sites should not be located in hazardous areas (in the area of operation of lifting mechanisms, roads, emissions of harmful substances, stacks of logs, boards and other products near the walls of slate buildings, under power lines, etc.).

3.8. Platforms intended for the operation and movement of hoisting-and-transport machines and mechanisms must have a hard surface and a slope of no more than 3 °.

3.9. Temporary structures (sheds, pile roofs, shelter shields) must be designed for wind and snow loads.

3.10. For those working in the open air or in rooms with an air temperature at work places below 5 ° C, rooms for heating must be equipped in accordance with building codes and regulations for heating approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

3.11. Industrial premises, buildings must comply with the requirements for the categories of premises and buildings for explosion and fire hazard in accordance with building codes and regulations for industrial buildings approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

3.12. Ventilation installations serving fire and explosion hazardous premises must have remote devices for turning them on and off in case of fires and accidents and be interlocked with fire automatics installations.

3.13. External and internal finishing of buildings must meet the climatic conditions of the construction areas, sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements, as well as the temperature and humidity conditions of the premises. Wall cladding and floor covering must be resistant to the effects of the applied chemical substances and make them easy to clean.

3.14. The arrangement of the premises into which the railway lines are connected must comply with the requirements of building codes and regulations for industrial buildings approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

3.15. Rail tracks in indoor and outdoor production areas must be laid so that the mark of the rail head is flush with the mark of the covering.

The turntables and traverse bogies must be fixed when aligning the rails.

3.16. Industrial premises must be equipped with general exchange supply and exhaust ventilation that complies with building codes and regulations for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, as well as design standards for industrial enterprises approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

3.17. Thermal insulation of buildings must prevent the formation of ice on roofs and other building elements.

3.18. Operation of lifting and transport vehicles with internal combustion engines in industrial premises is not allowed. The entry and operation of hoisting-and-transport vehicles on the territory of warehouses of flammable materials is allowed only with spark arresters on the exhaust pipes.

3.19. Openings in building structures through which the transportation of materials, finished products and production wastes is carried out must be equipped with an air-thermal curtain and devices that exclude the access of cold outside air, as well as the possibility of fire spread. Periodically used openings should be covered with inventory flooring or fenced.

3.20. The microclimate indicators at workplaces must comply with the requirements of the sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises approved by the USSR Ministry of Health and GOST 12.1.005.

3.21. Lighting of industrial premises, sites and workplaces should be organized in accordance with building codes and rules of natural and artificial lighting, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee and industry documents.

3.22. Noise and vibration levels at workplaces must comply with the sanitary standards for permissible noise and vibration levels at workplaces, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

3.23. Pools for raw materials around the perimeter and working bridges above the water surface should be fenced with handrails with a height of at least 1.0 m.In the work area, it is allowed to arrange instead of handrails with bumpers with a height of at least 0.1 m.Water temperature in open pools should not exceed 40 ° WITH.

3.24. The premises of the chemical workshops and departments in the match production must be separated by fireproof walls and doors, equipped with forced supply and exhaust ventilation and fire extinguishing installations.

3.25. Areas for treatment with antiseptics and fire retardants should have coverings or decks to prevent the penetration of solutions into the soil, and be equipped with collectors for flowing solution.

3.26. Warehouses for varnishes, paints, solvents should be in individual buildings with forced ventilation and fire extinguishing equipment.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR INITIAL MATERIALS, BILLETS, SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS, FINISHED PRODUCTS, PRODUCTION WASTE, THEIR STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

4.1. Wood materials containing metal and mineral inclusions, deep cuts and cuts should not be processed on woodworking machines.

4.2. The temperature of the raw materials, workpieces and finished products, with which the workers come in contact, should not exceed 45 ° C.

4.3. Each batch of finishing, binders, antiseptic materials must have an analytical passport, which contains data on the percentage of harmful substances, their volatile parts by individual components, as well as safety measures when working with them. Materials should be used only with admissible parameters of fire and explosion hazard and toxicity.

4.5. Storage of round timber should be carried out in accordance with GOST 9014.0, sawn timber - GOST 19041, GOST 3808.1, GOST 7319, parts of wooden containers - GOST 21100, materials in the dimensions approaching railway tracks - GOST 9238.

4.6. Roundwood stacks should be built on a solid foundation that does not allow settlement or distortion under load. The height of the stacks should not exceed one and a half length of the stacked assortments. The highest height of unlined stacks, formed by winches - 8.0 m, formed by cranes - 12.0 m.

Work on stacks with a height of more than 12.0 m must be carried out in accordance with special instructions approved in the prescribed manner.

4.7. The formation and disassembly of stacks of logs without gaskets should be carried out by methods that exclude the need for workers to be on the stack during the operation of the mechanism.

4.8. The height of stacked piles of sawn timber, stacked by cranes, should not exceed 12.0 m, and by forklift trucks - 7.0 m. When manually stacking sawn timber, the height of the stack should be no more than 4.0 m.

4.9. For lifting and lowering timber working from piles, it is necessary to use portable ladders or special devices (cradles, folding seats) installed on the lifting grips of cranes, approved by the USSR Gosgortekhnadzor.

4.10. The height of plywood and slabs stacks formed in warehouses using forklifts should not exceed 4.5 m. When stacking with cranes, it is allowed to form stacks with a height of up to 6.0 m.

4.11. The height of the package of veneer, plywood and boards moved by the loader should not be more than 1.0 m.

4.12. Chips, sawdust and other bulk materials stored in bulk warehouses should be stacked with a steep natural slope of the stored materials.

4.13. The storage of technological chips and sawdust in open areas must comply with the requirements of the fire safety standards for the design of warehouses for timber materials, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee.

4.14. Glued wooden structures must be stored and transported in a stable position, have fasteners to prevent displacement and overturning.

4.15. For fastening rectilinear lengths over 7 m and curved glued timber structures, a safe slinging scheme should be used.

4.16. Materials, workpieces, finished products and waste should not interfere with workplaces. Their temporary storage with a height of no more than 1.5 m from the floor in the workshop or on the working site is allowed only in a specially designated place equipped with racks, racks, containers with the possibility of mechanized movement and removal from the workshop or from the site.

4.17. Methods for storing and transporting wood materials should provide for measures and means to ensure the safety of storage, stability and reliability of the laid materials.

4.18. The amount of raw materials, semi-finished products stored in production facilities should not exceed the replacement requirement.

4.19. Transportation of round timber, industrial chips, sawn timber, boards, plywood and other wood materials and products should be carried out in accordance with the rules for the carriage of goods of this type and technical conditions loading and securing cargoes approved by the USSR Ministry of Railways.

4.20. Loading and unloading operations, stacking and dismantling of stacks of materials, blanks and products when moving timber through the water to the unloading sites should be mechanized.

4.21. Conveyors for overland transportation of timber must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.2.022.

4.22. The layout of the forest yards and timber storage facilities must be agreed with the shipping inspectorate.

4.23. Working bridges of floating structures must have a solid continuous flooring with a width of at least 1.2 m. Along the edges of the flooring there should be sides with a height of at least 0.1 m.

4.24. Ladders on floating structures must have transverse slats, have a railing with a height of at least 1.0 m. The width of the ladder must be at least 0.8 m, and the slope must not be more than 30 °.

4.25. Each batch of hazardous and fire-and-explosive substances must have a passport or certificate, be stored in a container with serviceable lids, the container must have an index with the exact name of the substances it contains. The container must comply with GOST 12.3.010.

4.26. Delivery of oils, acids and other chemicals to workshops should be carried out in ways that exclude accidents, contamination of clothing and body, as well as pollution of premises and air.

4.27. Liquid hazardous and explosive substances must be supplied to places of consumption through pipelines or in sealed containers. Residual substances should be returned to the warehouse or neutralized.

4.28. Liquid waste containing toxic substances should be stored in sealed containers.

4.29. Removal of wastes containing toxic substances is allowed only after their neutralization in accordance with the rules and regulations approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

4.30. Order shared storage chemicals and materials must be observed in accordance with the model fire safety regulations.

4.31. Washing and steaming containers from hazardous and explosive substances must be carried out in special places equipped with exhaust ventilation. Containers should be stored closed in specially designated areas of production facilities, warehouses or in open areas.

4.32. Cleaning materials should be stored in metal closable containers and removed from the workshop after each shift.

5. REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCATION OF PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT AND ORGANIZATION OF WORKPLACES

5.1. The placement of production equipment in the organization of woodworking technological processes should ensure the safety and convenience of its maintenance and the possibility of evacuating workers.

5.2. Driveways and walkways in the premises where the equipment is installed should be marked with white lines and signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026.

Distances between machines, elements of buildings and structures must be at least as indicated in the table.


Distance	Value, m
From the machine or protruding structure (column, column) to the back of the machine
From the wall to the machine from the side of the working area
Between the backs of the machines
Between the machines from the side of the working areas
Between the back of the machine and the machine from the side of the working area
Between machines installed in a production line	Workpiece length plus 1.0
Between storage bins

5.3. The equipment should not be located over work areas, driveways, uninsulated power lines, in areas of high temperature, gas pollution and dustiness.

5.4. Mobile equipment is installed in places where it does not create danger and unfavorable conditions for workers, fire hazard and interference with vehicles, as well as evacuation of people.

5.5. Equipment that generates an increased noise level should be located in separate rooms or enclosed in soundproof enclosures. Operator workplaces in noisy rooms should be in soundproof booths.

5.6. Control panels should be located in a safe place, convenient for observing not only the serviced machines, but also other equipment in the process stream.

5.7. For maintenance and repair of equipment located above 1.3 m from the floor level, fences must be provided in accordance with GOST 12.4.059. There should be no building structures, equipment or highways above the site below the level of 1.9 m. Ladders for climbing to the platforms must have two-sided handrails, width 0.8-1.0 m and a slope of 45 °. When using stairs 1-2 times per shift, it is allowed to make them 0.6-0.8 m wide, and the slope is 60 °.

5.8. If it is impossible to organize passages in the workshop at or below the floor level, transition bridges should be arranged.

5.9. The placement of electrical equipment should be carried out in accordance with the rules for the technical operation of electrical installations of consumers (PTE) and safety rules for the operation of electrical installations of consumers (PTB).

5.10. Electrical equipment must comply with the classes of explosive and fire hazardous zones in which it is installed, as well as the categories and groups of explosive mixtures.

5.11. Channels for conveyors and communications located below the floor level must be closed with hinged shields at the level with the floor.

5.12. Hot presses and other equipment that generate heat must be equipped with screens so that the intensity of thermal engagement at workplaces does not exceed 100 W / m, in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

5.13. Cyclones and bunkers of wood dust collection systems, accumulators of overheated water should be located outside buildings.

5.14. Pits in the area of operation of lifting tables, shelves, presses must be fenced with handrails with a height of at least 1.0 m and bumpers with a height of 0.1 m.

5.15. Each workplace must be organized in accordance with the ergonomic requirements for workplaces when working while standing and sitting and GOST 12.2.061.

5.16. Workplaces should be provided with means for cleaning workplaces and cleaning equipment; water supply and sewerage systems should be connected to the areas of gluing, glue preparation and finishing.

5.17. Workplaces in workshops and production sites should not be in the area of walkways and driveways.

6. REQUIREMENTS FOR EMPLOYEES ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

6.1. The personnel involved in the production processes of woodworking must know the technological instructions and labor protection instructions.

6.2. Persons who have passed the preliminary, when applying for a job, and periodic during the period of work are allowed to work. medical examinations in accordance with the requirements of the USSR Ministry of Health.

6.3. The personnel must undergo training in occupational safety and fire safety in accordance with GOST 12.0.004.

6.4. Professionally trained persons are allowed to service the equipment used in woodworking industries.

7. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE USE OF EMPLOYEE PROTECTION MEANS

7.1. Workers in woodworking professions should be provided with overalls and other means individual protection taking into account the conditions of work in accordance with the standard industry norms, approved in the prescribed manner.

7.2. The choice of protective equipment should be carried out in accordance with the standards and depending on the existing hazardous and harmful production factors. Protective equipment must be applied during the entire period of action of hazardous and harmful factors.

7.3. Individual remedies protections are issued and used in accordance with the instruction on the procedure for providing workers and employees with special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, approved by the USSR State Committee for Labor and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.

7.4. Storage, periodic repairs, cleaning and other types of preventive treatment of personal protective equipment of workers should be carried out in accordance with the normative technical documentation for these products.

8. METHODS OF CONTROL OF COMPLIANCE WITH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

8.1. The serviceability of the condition of the protective, safety, interlocking, brake and grounding devices of the equipment is determined in accordance with the operating programs and test methods developed by the manufacturers.

8.2. Control over the state of the air in the working area is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005, GOST 12.1.014 and technical documentation for methods for determining harmful substances in the air, approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

8.3. Determination of the content of free formaldehyde in phenol-formaldehyde resins should be carried out in accordance with GOST 16704 and GOST 20907, in urea-formaldehyde resins - in accordance with GOST 14231.

8.4. Illumination control at workplaces should be carried out in accordance with the sanitary norms and rules of natural and artificial lighting, approved by the USSR State Construction Committee, and the requirements for preventive and current sanitary supervision over artificial lighting on industrial enterprises approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.
., and electrostatic intrinsic safety - according to

8.12. Determination of the severity of manual and monotonous labor is carried out in accordance with the standard methodology approved by the USSR State Labor Committee, and the assessment of labor in terms of hazard and hazard indicators of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process - according to the hygienic classification of labor approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

8.13. Frequency of control over hazardous and harmful production factors should be installed in agreement with sanitary and epidemiological stations and other regulatory authorities.

The text of the document is verified by:
official publication
Labor safety standards system: Sat. GOSTs. -
M .: IPK Publishing house of standards, 2001

The creation of rational sanitary and technical conditions at enterprises is an important task, on the solution of which the health of labor collectives and safe conditions depend; labor productivity and production culture in general.

General sanitary and technical requirements for production facilities, workplaces are set out in building codes and regulations (SNiP) and sanitary standards for the design of enterprises.

The site for the location of enterprises (territory) is selected from the general plans for the development of settlements. The site should be in a dry, flood-free place with direct sunlight, natural ventilation, have a relatively flat surface, and be located near a water source with wastewater discharge. Convenience of approach, vehicle access, labor protection and safety conditions, as well as fire protection must be ensured. It is allowed to locate enterprises in the residential area. The sanitary protection zone should be landscaped and landscaped. Gaps between buildings, at least 20 m, are important.

At enterprises, in accordance with the established rules, they must be equipped with places for dumping waste, waste and garbage.

The volume of production premises per employee must be less than 15 m 3, the area must be at least 4.5 m 2, and the height must be at least 3.2 m.

Manufacturing areas must be kept properly clean. At enterprises with a significant emission of dust, cleaning of premises should be carried out using a vacuum cleaner or by water flushing.

In heated production areas, condensation is not allowed on the inner surfaces of external fences. The walls in such rooms are covered with a protective and finishing vapor barrier layer.

Enterprises should have auxiliary sanitary facilities: dressing rooms, washrooms, toilets, showers, smoking rooms, food points, rest rooms, health centers, women's personal hygiene rooms, etc.

The water supply of enterprises is of great importance for labor protection. It should meet the needs of enterprises in drinking water for industrial, economic, hygienic and fire-fighting purposes. There are two types of water supply: centralized and decentralized. With a centralized water supply, water is supplied through public pipelines, and with a decentralized one, it comes from local sources (wells, reservoirs, springs). The water quality must meet the requirements of GOST for drinking water.

All enterprises, in accordance with sanitary rules and regulations, must have sewerage facilities designed for the reception, removal and disposal of wastewater, as well as their diversion to certain areas. At enterprises that do not have a sewerage system, yard toilets and concrete pits are arranged, which I build in accordance with the rules for the safety of their operation and sanitary and hygienic standards.

Occupational health and industrial sanitation services are involved in a comprehensive study of working conditions.


	Item number





	2.23; 3.20; 8.2

Sanitary and technical requirements for premises. IV

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