Organization of industrial lighting. General requirements for industrial lighting Requirements for industrial lighting fixtures and devices

One of the most important industrial issues is the illumination of everyone in the plant. This creates a comfortable working environment, and thereby increases productivity. Insufficient lighting will have a bad effect on human vision, and also lower the quality of the finished material. In such conditions, a person weakly notices objects and cannot navigate in the environment. And since more complex tasks require concentration, the visual apparatus is subjected to high stress. Improper industrial lighting can even lead to injury-prone situations.

General information

In order for the worker to see various objects on the surface, it is necessary to get rid of the glitter.

This is the feature of an object to reflect rays when lighting hits it. Such reflections can cause irritation and impair visibility. To get rid of them, you should dim the lighting fixture or put it at a different angle. This problem is often overlooked by the use of shiny structural profiles.

Voltage interruptions sometimes occur, resulting in flickering. It not only irritates the employee, but also harms the visual apparatus. This can be avoided by using special electrical circuits that stabilize voltage drops.

Conclusion

If the lighting requirements are met, then optimal conditions work, productivity increases, the likelihood of injuries and accidents decreases. In addition, the pressure on the visual apparatus is reduced. In the opposite situation, various situations may arise (for example, myopia). If the employee sees the details clearly, then the work will be done much faster.

To ensure the operation of the entire production workshop, it is necessary to install additional sources artificial lighting, starting from the working surface and ending Only in this case is it achieved maximum safety work in production, accordingly, its efficiency will increase.

So, we found out what types of lighting exist.

The main task of industrial lighting is to maintain the illumination in the workplace that matches the nature of visual work. Increasing the illumination of the working surface improves the visibility of objects by increasing their brightness, increases the speed of distinguishing details, which affects the growth of productivity.

When organizing industrial lighting, it is necessary to ensure a uniform distribution of brightness on the work surface and surrounding objects. Industrial lighting should ensure that there are no harsh shadows in the field of view of the worker. Shadows must be softened by using, for example, under artificial lighting, lamps with light-diffusing milky glasses; in natural light, using sun protection devices (blinds, visors, etc.).

When organizing industrial lighting, the required spectral composition of the luminous flux should be selected. This requirement is especially important for ensuring correct color reproduction, and in some cases for enhancing color contrasts. The optimal spectral composition provides natural light. To create the correct color rendition, use monochromatic light that enhances some colors Standardization of industrial lighting

Natural, artificial and combined lighting in rooms is regulated by SNiP 23-05-95, depending on the characteristics of visual work, lighting system, background, contrast of the object with the background. The characteristic of visual work is determined by the smallest size of the object of discrimination (for example, when working with devices - the thickness of the graduation line of the scale, in drawing works - the thickness of the thinnest line).

Natural lighting is characterized by the fact that the generated illumination changes depending on the time of day, year, meteorological conditions... Therefore, as a criterion for assessing natural lighting, a relative value is adopted - the coefficient of natural illumination KEO. The calculated value of KEO cf is the ratio of natural illumination created at a certain point of a given plane inside the room by the light of the sky E n to the simultaneous value of the external horizontal illumination E n created by the light of a completely open firmament, expressed as a percentage, i.e.

With upper or combined natural lighting, the average KEO value is normalized at points located within working area... The first and last points are taken at a distance of 1 m from the surface of the walls (partitions) or the axes of the columns.

The normalized values of KEO, eN for buildings located in different areas are determined by the formula:

where N is the number of the group of provision with natural light;

eN - KEO value;

mN is the light climate coefficient (Table 1).

Tab. 1 Light climate coefficient.

Light openings	Orientation of skylights to the sides of the horizon	Administrative districts group number

In the outer walls of buildings




In rectangular and trapezoidal lanterns


In lanterns of the "Shed" type
In anti-aircraft lanterns

Notes: C - north; NE - north-east; NW - northwest; B - east; З - western; СЮ - north-south; ВЗ - east-west; Yu - southern; SE - southeast; SW - southwest.

Artificial lighting is standardized by quantitative (minimum illumination) and qualitative indicators (glare index, illumination pulsation coefficient) on the indoor working surface for discharge light sources, except for the specified cases; for outdoor lighting - for any light source. With combined lighting, the share of total lighting must be at least 10% of the standardized illumination. This value should be at least 200 lux for discharge lamps and 75 lux for incandescent lamps.

Combined lighting is provided for industrial premises in which work of I-III grades is carried out, as well as in cases when, according to the conditions of technology, organization of production or climate at the construction site, space-planning solutions are required that do not allow ensuring the normalized value of KEO (for example, multi-storey buildings of large width), or , when the technical and economic feasibility of combined lighting in comparison with natural is confirmed by appropriate calculations. The normalized KEO values for industrial premises are taken as for combined lighting.

To do most of the work, a person needs light. Low illumination leads to a decrease in the quality of work, an increase in the percentage of rejects, causes depression in workers and reduces their productivity. According to research by the International Commission on Lighting, well-organized lighting in the workplace increases labor efficiency by 10%. All this led to the separation of industrial lighting into a special type, aimed at creating the best lighting conditions for the implementation of the labor function.

The task of lighting industrial premises is to create optimal lighting conditions in the areas of work that correspond to the nature of production. Competently organized electric lighting performs the following functions:

makes it possible to perform high-quality work;
ensures the safety of employees;
creates a favorable psychological climate;
increases labor productivity.

All this speaks of the importance of organizing high-quality lighting at the workplaces of employees, regardless of their activities. Whether they will weave canvases, build houses, perform organizational work, the employer must take care of creating optimal conditions.

Lighting and occupational health

The human eye is able to perceive light waves with a length of 380-760 nanometers. A long stay without light reduces the metabolic rate of a person, leads to visual impairments, increases fatigue, and leads to injuries at the workplace. Monochromatic light with a poor spectral composition causes similar reactions. Excessively bright electric lighting also leads to negative consequences... The nervous system is overexcited, visual characteristics decrease, diseases such as cataracts, eye burns and others appear. To protect the labor of workers, rationing of industrial lighting is carried out.

To determine the intensity of light in sanitary and hygienic standards, the illumination index (E) is used. To calculate it, the following lighting units are used: luminous flux (F) and surface area (S). Thus, the illumination index is determined by the formula:

It is measured in lux (lux) by special devices - luxometers.

The basic hygienic standards and requirements for lighting industrial premises for various types of activities are posted in SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting".

The documents provide for lighting standards, depending on the accuracy of the work performed.

According to the size of the smallest distinguishable object, 8 visual groups are distinguished. Limits for natural and artificial light have been established for each group. Compliance with hygiene requirements for industrial lighting checked at the point of minimum illumination on the working surface. SNiP 23-05-95 norms are applied in design and construction industrial buildings and premises, agricultural enterprises. You should also call SanPiN 2.2.1 / 2.1.1.1278-03, which regulates the standards of illumination public buildings and living quarters.

Systems and types of industrial lighting

By the light source, natural and artificial lighting are distinguished. For the human eye, natural light is most valuable, caused by natural sources (rays of the sun, the light of the firmament). Vision is biologically best adapted to this type of lighting. To obtain natural light, windows in the outer walls of buildings (side lighting), transparent structures on the roofs (overhead lighting) or a combination of these two options (combined lighting) are used. Without natural light, work can be carried out in special rooms, as well as basements and basements of buildings (only for permitted types of use).

With a shortage of natural light, artificial lamps are used. They are used in the evening and at night in rooms where there are no natural sources. Co-lighting combines natural and artificial light sources.

The industry provides for artificial electric lighting of 4 types:

working;
emergency;
security;
duty.

Working lighting ensures the fulfillment of basic tasks labor activity... Everybody is equipped with it production workshops, auxiliary rooms, corridors in which work and passage of people are provided. If the sections of the building, workshops have a different degree of natural light, different modes of work, the adjustment of the working lighting must be divided into zones. Distinguish between general and local lighting. In the upper part of the room, common lighting devices are located, which ensures uniform visibility of all areas. Local lighting is used for a specific workplace, it is necessary to perform high-precision work. With combined light, general-purpose luminaires must cover at least 10% of the illumination of the working surface. Requirements for local sources: not be in the field of view of employees, have opaque reflectors.

Emergency light sources are needed to find escape routes in case of emergency or to continue work when it is impossible to stop production. These luminaires are installed if there is a possibility that the main light will turn off under extraordinary circumstances. Emergency lighting ensures the safety of people in the event of unforeseen situations.

Security light systems allow you to control the safety material values production.

Duty the light is intended for off-hours lighting.

Work and emergency luminaires can be used for standby functions.

Requirements for lighting industrial premises

Normative acts contain the following basic requirements for industrial lighting:

the illumination of the premises is evenly distributed;
the illumination standards for a specific type of work are observed;
the functioning of light sources is stable;
general coverage of work areas is more intense than local coverage;
corridors and production areas, where work is not in progress, are illuminated by more than 25% of the general light standards and not less than 100 lux;
there are no harsh shadows from the lamps;
luminous elements of sources local significance are not in the field of view of employees;
local luminaires are equipped with opaque reflectors.

Particular importance is attached to life safety when using light devices:

the use of incandescent lamps with a power of 100 W or more is prohibited;
the color temperature of the luminaires is allowed in the range from 2400 ° K to 6800 ° K;
ultraviolet waves with a length of 320-400 nm cannot be more intense than 0.03 W / m², the presence of ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength less than 320 nm is prohibited.

Industrial lighting

Industrial luminaires are used to illuminate industrial premises, industrial workshops, construction sites, storage facilities, underground communications. For the illumination of large objects, powerful lighting devices are used - searchlights.

Manufacturers of light sources for industrial premises offer the luminaires that best meet the sanitary and hygienic requirements of the legislation and the needs of the industry. Modern lighting devices are able not only to perform basic tasks for lighting premises, but also significantly improve performance characteristics... There are different options for classifying industrial lighting.

According to the method of installation, the luminaires are called floor, ceiling, add-on, end, wall, recessed and suspended.

For the production of industrial lamps, different types of light sources are used.

Incandescent lamps

Traditional light source. This is a familiar electric light bulb. Used as a standard for evaluating lighting fixtures.

Have significant disadvantages:

increased heat transfer;
distortion of color perception due to the yellow-red spectrum;
short service life;
energy consuming.

So far, incandescent lamps are widely used, but they will be replaced by more modern lighting systems in the near future. The advantages of incandescent lamps include simple scheme inclusions, small size, constant light flux.

Fluorescent lamps

The advantages of using fluorescent lamps are a longer service life compared to incandescent lamps, diffused light, a variety of light shades, and a higher light output. They are widely used in public buildings.

They have a number of disadvantages:

low power;
chemical hazard (contain mercury);
an uneven unpleasant spectrum of light that distorts the color of objects;
flickering lamp.

LED lights

The most advanced technology is embodied in LED luminaires. They meet all the requirements for indoor lighting. The use of LEDs can reduce energy costs by up to 90%. The service life of LED lamps has been significantly increased compared to conventional sources. In industrial conditions, it is 10 times higher. The savings from the use of LED luminaires for industrial needs are immediately apparent.

The quality of illumination, color rendition, are close to natural light, which increases the efficiency of work. Diode lamps do not flicker, do not glare, do not emit harmful ultraviolet radiation. This makes them the leaders in Belarusian railways. LEDs do not contain hazardous substances, which simplifies the disposal of used lamps.

Especially noteworthy is the performance of the luminaires in an unfavorable environment. The sealed housing and the absence of heating make it possible to use LED lighting at high humidity, different temperature conditions, dustiness, in the presence of chemically aggressive substances.

The most popular lamps are:

ip44 - protection against moisture without direct hit of water jets;
ip65 - all-round dust and jet protection.

The cost of LED lamps is higher than the usual counterparts. However, high energy efficiency, energy savings allow you to recoup costs within 2-3 years. Considering a 10-year lifespan, the benefits are clear.